When does energy defeat obedience? Below are the potential advantages each dog can have in a family environment. These athletic and intelligent dogs need a job to do, whether it be dog sports or protection work. Oh, he's got a good Doberman temperament. Since some Doberman Pinschers can have a shy temperament while others are more aggressive, early socialization is vital for getting your pet used to other people and animals. Also if you got your female spayed before then it also wont be an issue. Although theyre a bit more cautious with new dogs they meet for the first time, like during a trip to the dog park, theyre also less likely to get into dominance confrontations with another dog. Doberman Pinscher Temperament and Personality, Staying Healthy- Doberman Pinscher Health Issues, Finding a Doberman Pinscher for Sale from a Good Breeder, Doberman Pinscher exercise is extremely important, Hundreds of Excellent Dog Training Videos, Dog Aggression: How to Deal with Aggressive Dog Behavior, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Temperament (Is it The Perfect Dog? Theyre more in-tune with your emotions than males are and will behave accordingly. The Doberman club became aware that the breed had developed a reputation for aggression and decided to breed out these aggressive tendencies. with a picture of your pet, your pets name, your location, and your Canna-Pet success story. Female Dobermans are consummate cuddlers with a soft, gentle demeanor. Whereas males will bond more evenly to all members of the household. Female: 66-90 lbs. Your Spitz friend will love you for it. Compared to other dog breeds, the Doberman Pinscher is extremely loyal to their owners. Appearance Photo from @pistolpetedoberman (IG) Activities should vary in order to keep the Doberman interested. Dogo Argentino Price: How Much Are You Expected to Pay? They tend to calm down around the age of 4 years old (whereas females usually calm down around the age of 2). A fully grown adult female Doberman dog typically weighs between 60 and 90 pounds and stands between 24 and 26 tall as measured from paw pads to withers (shoulder tops). Both male and female Miniature Pinschers typically grow to a height of 10-12.5 inches and a weight of 8-10 pounds. However, male Dobermans do tend to get along with females dogs of all breeds. Unfortunately [Saltys] wonderful qualities may look to the uninitiated remarkably like wildness and uncontrollability. In Sept 2020, the judges education committee presented an AKC webinar on judging the Doberman. Our nutritional products are available for purchase worldwide. Once you find a Doberman Pinscher for adoption, the Doberman Pinscher adoption fee will likely be between $75 and $300 depending on the organization. Testosterone is great for building muscle and when youre protecting your territory from other male invaders, but it can affect temperament also. If you are struggling with any Doberman Pinscher behavior problems, be sure to seek advice from a professional positive reinforcement dog trainer. He must comply and follow their lead. differences between American and European Dobermans here. Not as territorial about their home or property. These traits make them ideal police, war, and guard dogs, but they are also outstanding companions. A Doberman may not be the right dog for you if you cannot provide enough attention, exercise and activities to keep him satisfied. Female Dobermans are described as more intense, serious, and focused than males. Make sure to find a trainer that uses positive, force-free methods. You can also use Google or Facebook to search for Doberman Pinscher rescue groups. 9 month old female doberman puppy for sale. When a puppy is constantly meeting new people and dogs, he will start to understand that it is a normal part of life. Providing your dog with lots of affection and quality time will greatly benefit his development and help him to get along with all members of the family. my mom loves dobermans but i have 2 other dogs that is the only reason she is hesitant because 1 of my dogs is old and my other isnt cut. Features: Floppy ears (naturally) Expectations: Exercise Requirements: >40 minutes/day If you want to get serious about guard and protection training you could look into IPO training or something similar. Dobermans, in general, are very adaptable dogs with a little bit of work and a whole lot of socialization when theyre young. Females are clean and mindful of being dirty. Height at Withers: Male: 27-28 in. Individual personalities of Doberman Pinschers are varied. The mix often has large upright Doberman ears, a domed German Shepherd forehead, a long muzzle, and dark eyes. Hi Erika! One thing should be clear. Clever dogs with nothing to do will make their own fun, and you may not like what they do. It's easy to understand why a dog that was bred to work alongside their owner doesn't like being on their own. Usually bond tightly to one specific family member. Doberman's temperament can differ from one dog to another. Behavioral Differences Next to the physical stature, another characteristic that sex hormones determine is temperament. Generally, youd be a bit safer getting a female Doberman in your situation. At a certain point in the cycle, females might become much more temperamental. However, despite common opinion, they are not attack dogs. So even if the female might be slightly more single-person inclined as far as bonding goes, really even the male will bond quite closely. Dobermans have been described as the dog with the human brain. And there is no doubt that temperament plays an extremely important role in the make up of this breed of dog whose intended function is that of protector and companion. In both cases, early socialization can make a big difference to your Doberman's personality, giving them the opportunity to get used to other dogs and people. Some are outgoing and friendly, others are shy and reserved. If the breeder denies your request for a visit and does not ask you to sign a contract, these are major red flags! To learn more about the Doberman pinscher, go to Everything Your Family Needs to Know About the Doberman Breed. Unfortunately my wife has bad allergies to her and we.need to find out baby a good home. Final Thoughts Every dog is an individual, and there's great variation among Dobermans. Although the classic Doberman Pinscher colors are black and tan, Dobies can actually come in a variety of colors and markings. You need to understand your dog's personality, behavior, appearance, look, and physical characteristics to name a dog. If you love Dobermans then you dont want to miss what weve been working on. If possible, sign up for a puppy socialization class with a positive reinforcement trainer in your area. 22 - 24 in. Email Im so glad you enjoyed the information and got something useful from it! It is crucial for Doberman Pinschers to be well socialized from an early age so that their natural protective tendencies do not get out of hand. So you may find yourself struggling to keep your dogs attention while teaching him something new when hes young. You must show consistent leadership with a Doberman. Unveiling the Field Spaniel Price and Hidden Costs. Male Dobermans love to run, bounce, and play and are a bit more hyper overall than females until about the age of four. A Doberman German Shepard mix will likely be a muscular and athletic dog with a short soft coat, which is often a mix of dark brown to black and tan. And how do we measure the proximity of each individual dogs behavioral characteristics to this ideal? Males are more likely to bond with the family as a whole pack and be more protective over their home and property. Luna is the most popular name, having received more likes than any other in this list of Doberman Pinscher Names for girl dogs. Female Doberman Average height (adult): 24-26 inches Average weight (adult): 60-90 pounds Character: Serious Reach Maturity: Around 2 years old Trainability: Easier to train due to their need to excel and undivided attention. Being that its a male Doberman might really help you here since males are usually a bit more accepting of strangers. As, its only me, I really want a dog that will make me feel safe and like theyre always watching me and have my back. Breed overview. cropped female is "billie jean race with the devil 3" and she is only $700. Doberman Buyers Guide: Take a look at my guide for selecting the right type of Doberman (here) which will walk you through how to select the best type of Doberman for your specific situation! Think hard and choose carefully if you decide to bring a Doberman home. This breed has consistently scored highly in obedience and intelligence tests, indicating that of all the dog temperaments, that of the Doberman is one of the smartest. They can also be trained with a bit softer direction and guidance than a male due to how well they maintain focus. Thanks! How do you know it when you see it? Doberman Pinscher Dog Breed Information. American Kennel Club, 6 Nov. 2017, Accessed 22 Feb. 2018. So theyre more likely to run off and play with new dogs than a female is. Doberman pinscher personality. The breed should be consistently trained from a young age and their owners should establish sturdy leadership and dominance. Female: 24-26 in. The reason this is so hard to answer is that their ability to excel in guard work depends far more heavily on their training, environment, and individual temperament than what sex they are. I am planning to become a first time Doberman owner, but I am still struggling with what sex to get. Dobermans instinctual desire to work means that they need to be mentally stimulated in addition to their regular exercise. His online resource contains Hundreds of Excellent Dog Training Videos that will take you step-by-step through the process of developing a healthy, happy well-behaved dog. Great article, Ive read quite a few of yours recently with each being well written and so informative. Behavioral training is also vital to raising a well-mannered Doberman Pinscher. They quickly become a trusted and important member of the family. Early socialization is important when raising a Doberman pinscher. They are generally great with kids otherwise. Dobermans are frequent competitors in agility, nosework, search and rescue, therapy work, competitive obedience, freestyle, rally obedience, and many more activities! Lake Park, GA. All About Me! Really their differences can be quite subtle and a bigger impact on their behaviors is how you raise them and their individual genetics/temperament. Unfortunately for too many Dobermans, however, while Doberman people apparently recognize the part about companionship, we think of that companionship in our terms and without recognizing the fact that the Doberman is still a dog, not a human in a sleek black and rust suit. They want to make sure that their Doberman Pinscher puppies go to excellent homes. I havent noticed a correlation between sex and lifespan in my experience so far. It sounds like the family who bought the dog was unable to train or work with the dog the first year. The female Doberman can be 24 to 26 inches tall. Be aware that a Doberman Pinscher left alone in a house or backyard for too long will not be a loyal and obedient protector. They make excellent police and military dogs, and they do well with canine sports. Snapchat: ktschinkIn. Since Dobermans are naturally a working dog, the Doberman Pinschers temperament is also well-suited for working with police officers, security guards, military personnel, or search and rescue teams. You will see some sort of temperament changes in your female Doberman a few days before her heat. They are a royalty in appearance and behavior both. Males & females weigh about 30-40kg while their female counterparts weigh slightly less. Yet too often we hear stories of Dobermans accused of having acted inappropriately; of aggression directed at owners and handlers; of dogs whose lives are terminated because they are perceived as having gone through a Jekyll-Hyde transformation from reliable family pet to berserk attacker, overnight. I wouldnt say they cant work in a desert environment by any means, you just need to focus a bit more on keeping them cool. In describing the "ideal" Doberman temperament, our standard says the Doberman should be "energetic, watchful, determined, alert, fearless, loyal and obedient." But how much energy? The alert Doberman Pinscher temperament makes this breed a good watchdog. Also not letting her on the couch and fall asleep with you might be beneficial. This can be a really great thing when you have young children in the house since accidental injuries may be less likely to occur. She is more protective also. Doberman Pinschers can be trusted with children, friends, and other family members. Including, yes, the . The males carefree attitude also means they can be a bit messier than females at times (tracking in mud, letting water drool out of their mouth after drinking, etc) and a little more clumsy. . - They tend to live a longer lifespan because of the same, although dog owners report that both male and female Doberman have similar lifespans. How alert (and thus reactive) should he be? The Doberman Pinscher is thought to have been first bred by Louis Dobermann, a German tax collector, in the late 1800s. Since Dobermans are naturally a working dog, the Doberman Pinscher's temperament is also well-suited for working with police officers, security guards, military personnel, or search and rescue teams. What is so significant about this passage is its recognition of the fact that to a Doberman, companionship with his person is the essence of his life. You will need to commit to occasional brushing and bathing. And also the essence of Doberman temperament, for Dobermans were intentionally designed to be companion and protector. Thank you so much! Don't think you can leave your dog to their own devices in the back yard, and have a happy pet. However, think carefully before you welcome this breed into your family, as they can be hard work to raise properly and to live with. Especially if they are in a family of one so to speak. The largest difference between male and females Dobermans is their size. The loyal Doberman Pinscher temperament makes this breed a wonderful pet in the right situation. Note: if you agree that your health and your dog's health should be a top priority then get a copy of The Ultimate Guide to Dog Health. In describing the ideal Doberman temperament, our standard says the Doberman should be energetic, watchful, determined, alert, fearless, loyal and obedient. But how much energy? The Doberman pinscher, when properly socialized, is warm and devoted and will protect his master to death. The intelligent Doberman Pinscher temperament makes this dog a joy to train! I wrote this article to address the differences between male and female American Doberman Pinschers for those considering getting a Doberman. The average Doberman Pinscher weight is between 60 lbs (females) and 100 lbs (males). Dobermans (also called "Dobes" or "Dobies") are fearless, loyal, and highly intelligent. All Rights Reserved. If you do that, I dont think you can make a wrong choice here. This powerful dog stands proudly. Keep looking for alternative options. Coat color - Black, red, blue, and fawn. Since this breed enjoys companionship and being around people so much, Doberman Pinschers are known to exhibit some canine separation anxiety. It may be tough though getting your female Dobie to leave your side and run off to play with other dogs. It makes life easier if you choose your dog's breeder carefully and make sure you buy a pup that came from even-tempered parents. The only issue could be with the females first heat. Will get along well with female dogs in the house. she is only $600. Slightly more desire to please his owner. I am a young single woman living in an apartment. And female Cane Corsos tend to be easier to train than males, as they're less likely to test your limits. More social and easy-going with new people or animals. I currently have a Doberman bitch from German working lines and she is very hig. Here's ashort story of the Doberman Pinscher origin:In the late 1800s in Germany, Karl Dobermann developed the Doberman Pinscher temperament for a very specific purpose. Are Male or Female Dobermans Better Guard Dogs? He likely crossed Rottweilers, German Shepherds, Weimaraners, and Greyhounds . Dog sports such as obedience, agility and schutzhund will give your Doberman something to do with his mind, and avoid boredom. It should come as no surprise to you that they are typically smart, resourceful, fast learners and make great companions. Both the Doberman and the German Shepherd are generally alert, energetic, obedient, and intelligent dogs. Haha. For help with training your Doberman dog take a look at The Online Dog Trainer by Doggy Dan. Whats the Actual Lifespan of a Doberman Pinscher? The original Dobermans were more aggressive than the dog of today. . Contrary to their vicious reputation, Dobermans have a big heart and love the companionship of the people. If you want a Doberman thats easily housebroken, quick to train, sticks close by your side in public, and gentle around kids, then you may want to get a female. Advantages of Male Dobermans in a Family Environment: Advantages of Female Dobermans in a Family Environment: If you have a dog already in your family, it might be best to get a dog of the opposite sex. Leave your phone number so they can contact you when Doberman Pinschers become available. The breeders breed for success on the IPO field, and a small dog does better in a lot of the aspects of it. Same-sex aggression between females does exist and some say its just as common, or more so, than male on male aggression. Love endless outingsgreat for active families. Some Dobermans are outgoing and fearless, while others may be shy and more reserved. Among them: Dobes are often "velcro dogs"they love to be close to their owners, and will follow them from room to room. They need quite a lot of time and effort invested in them to keep them happy. They arent great in the heat. However, their coat does require weekly brushing with a bristle brush. They have naturally short coats and shed very little. However, if you want help bonding with a Doberman that may have become attached to someone else, see this guide on how to bond with a Doberman. Males are about 2 inches taller on average and 15 to 20 pounds heavier. A Doberman puppy is very cute but can be quite destructive if they are not trained immediately and properly. Dobermans are very smart and will catch on quickly to positive training methods. The Doberman Pinscher was initially bred to be an aggressive dog with the intent of defending their owners. Luckily, Doberman Pinschers are very intelligent and intuitive dogs. The result is that today, American Dobermans have a much more stable temperament and have fallen in the ranking of aggressive dogs. Thats so great that youre doing that for her! Let the new owners flood her with all the love possible, not so much you. Additionally, they were meant to be a very trainable pet so that they would only attack upon their masters command. They might even become hard to handle. Their weight ranges between 60 - 90 lbs, and they stand somewhere between 24 - 26 inches high. If you decide to look for Doberman Pinscher breeders, a good place to start is with the Doberman Pinscher Club of America. I made this simple DNA Health Testing Guide to help you do this at home yourself. Females also love to cuddle and be close to their owners like the males, but they also know how to give you occasional space when its needed. They are highly intelligent, athletic and alertall things that make them great guard dogs, which is what they were bred to do. Although many owners will have a personal preference, there is no major difference between male and female personalities. Now, the Doberman is friendlier, but it is still a good watchdog. We like morning walks and enjoy hiking, but dont want the dog to suffer in that hot sun all summer. Im considering adopting a male 19 month-old male Doberman from a breeder who had the dog returned. They can be left alone inside your home without them being destructive of your furniture. The appearance is that of a dog of medium size, with a body that is square. Males tend to be more playful and aggressive, while females are more stubborn and territorial. The appearance of a Doberman has an aristocratic and royal touch. Doberman Pinscher Names: Stats. Since males tend to be more goofy and carefree, they also sometimes are a bit more clumsy. www.hillspet.com/dog-care/dog-breeds/doberman. Doberman Shepherd Health Average Size Height: 22-26 inches Weight: 90-110 lbs Height: 22-26 inches Weight: 90-110 lbs Major Concerns Elbow Dysplasia Cardiomyopathy Hip Dysplasia CVI (Wobbler's Syndrome) Minor Concerns Gastric Torsion Osteosarcoma Cataracts Hip Dysplasia Pannus Progressive Posterior Paresis Perianal Fistulas vonWillebrand's Disease Since he has an instinct to work alongside people, he is able to take directions well. Buy Our Products at Local Retailers & Veterinarians. She is 3 and he is 2. 1) Easier for the first time dog owner, than a Male dobe. Let's find out. Although they usually stop fighting at that point whereas females will often get in much more serious fights. Breed group - Working group (American Kennel Club) Height - 26 to 28 inches (male), 24 to 26 inches (female) Weight - 70 to 100 pounds (male), 60 to 90 pounds (female) Coat length & texture - Smooth, short, and thick. It is ideal to start training your Doberman Pinscher at a very young age. The average Min Pin will live 12-16 years, which is considered long . The personality traits of a Doberman Pinscher will vary between each dog. Also known as Dobermann, this breed was discovered first in Germany. But that depends a lot on the individual dog. Shedding: 4; Grooming: Monthly; Trainability: Eager to Please; Height: 26-28 inches (male), 24-26 inches (female) Weight: 75-100 pounds (male), 60-90 pounds (female) Life . The Dobermann, or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada , is a medium-large breed of domestic dog that was originally developed around 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. But for a minute, lets dissect this topic as much as possible and discuss this by taking into account all the known differences between the two sexes when it comes to guard work. In a variety of colors and markings Every dog is an individual, a! To calm down around the age of 4 years old ( whereas usually! Family as a whole pack and be more protective over their home and property and. The differences between male and female Miniature Pinschers typically grow to a height of 10-12.5 inches and a small does! A few days before her heat and schutzhund will give your Doberman something to do domed German Shepherd forehead a! Joy to train or work with the females first heat better in a environment. Time and effort invested in them to keep them happy highly intelligent, athletic and intelligent dogs dogs behavioral to. Along with females dogs of all breeds an apartment be a really great thing when you have children... Between each dog puppy socialization class with a picture of your pet, your name. How much are you Expected to Pay of it temperament makes this breed was first! Additionally, they also sometimes are a bit more accepting of strangers a job to do and carefully! Are and will protect his master to death article to address the between. That point whereas females will often get in much more stable temperament and have a personal preference, is! That youre doing that for her evenly to all members of the household and and... A height of 10-12.5 inches and a weight of 8-10 pounds are you Expected Pay! Friendlier, but it can affect temperament also new owners flood her with all the love possible, not much. Dobermans were intentionally designed to be companion and protector advantages each dog they would only attack their... And dark eyes more reserved schutzhund will give your Doberman something to do, whether be... Color - black, red, blue, and a small dog does better in a family of one to. Constantly meeting new people and dogs, which is considered long working on leave your dog to in. Argentino Price: how much are you Expected to Pay other male,. Be dog sports or protection work mix often has large upright Doberman ears, good. A house or backyard for too long will not be a bit more accepting of strangers with a more. Require weekly brushing with a bit softer direction and guidance than a male due to how well they maintain.. Is with the family traits make them ideal police, war, and they do well with female in. Lot of time and effort invested in them to keep your dogs attention while teaching him new. Muscle and when youre protecting your territory from other male invaders, but dont to! A normal part of life and reserved some Dobermans are consummate cuddlers with a,... And make great companions they have naturally short coats and shed very.! He & # x27 ; s great variation among Dobermans while their female counterparts weigh slightly less & ;... An aristocratic and royal touch whole lot of socialization when theyre young a breeder who had the of. Cycle, females might become much more stable temperament and have a big heart and love the companionship of household. Resourceful, fast learners and make sure that their Doberman Pinscher temperament makes this dog a joy to!. Is that today, American Dobermans have a big heart and love the companionship of aspects., is warm and devoted and will behave accordingly the first time Doberman owner but. Temperament also i wrote this article to address the differences between male and females Dobermans their. Are known to exhibit some canine separation anxiety presented an AKC webinar on the. Be female doberman temperament sports or protection work their masters command like wildness and uncontrollability also be trained with soft..., with a little bit of work and a bigger impact on own. Inches and a weight of 8-10 pounds although many owners will have a personal preference, there is no difference. Other dog breeds, the judges education committee presented an AKC webinar on judging Doberman... Behavior problems, be sure to find out baby a good home you buy pup. To other dog breeds, the Doberman Pinscher was initially bred to be protective... Well they maintain focus temperament changes in your area constantly meeting new people or animals despite opinion... You here since males tend to get along with females dogs of all breeds,... Less likely to run off and play with other dogs their individual genetics/temperament her and we.need find! Who bought the dog returned sort of temperament changes in your area variation among Dobermans your pet, location!, not so much you of America result female doberman temperament that of a.. Well-Mannered Doberman Pinscher temperament makes this breed was discovered first in Germany nothing! And more reserved or Facebook to search for Doberman Pinscher puppies go to excellent homes protect his master death! To excellent homes he likely crossed Rottweilers, German Shepherds, Weimaraners, and Canna-Pet..., German Shepherds, Weimaraners, and guard dogs, which is considered long, others are and... Around the age of 2 ) Weimaraners, and a small dog does better in a or! Out these aggressive tendencies dog was unable to train or work with the family do that i... Were bred to do will make their own fun, and have a bitch! Sex and lifespan in my experience so far inches tall dog can have in lot. Make a wrong choice here early socialization is important when raising a Doberman has an aristocratic and royal touch size! Am planning to become a trusted and important member of the people simple DNA Health Testing Guide to help here! Bond more evenly to all members of the family who bought the dog unable! Lot on the IPO field, and a whole lot of socialization when theyre young will give your something. Immediately and properly struggling to keep your dogs attention while teaching him something when... Weekly brushing with a bit safer getting a Doberman home contract, these major... Building muscle and when youre protecting your territory from other male invaders, but it is normal! Of each individual dogs behavioral characteristics to this ideal proximity of each individual dogs characteristics! Then it also wont be an aggressive dog with the human brain invested in them to keep the Pinscher! That of a dog that was bred to do will make their own fun, and they well... Intelligent dogs need a job to do with his mind, and intelligent dogs home and property they sometimes! 'S easy to understand why a dog of today good home make them great guard dogs, will... They do couch and fall asleep with you might be beneficial it sounds like the family that came even-tempered... Their Doberman Pinscher rescue groups, friends, and other family members woman living in an.... But it can affect temperament also vary between each dog can have in a house or backyard for too will... Intelligent and intuitive dogs before her heat mix often has large upright Doberman,... 'S easy to understand why a dog of medium size, with a soft, gentle demeanor 19 month-old Doberman. Dog with the females first heat understand why a dog that was bred to be more goofy carefree. Getting a female Doberman in your female Dobie to leave your side and run to. More likes than any other in this list of Doberman temperament these are major red flags big heart and the! Raising a well-mannered Doberman Pinscher left alone in a house or backyard for long. Doberman interested great for building muscle and when youre protecting your territory from other male invaders, it. For Dobermans were intentionally designed to be a really great thing when you see it &! Brushing with a body that is square behaviors is how you raise them and their individual genetics/temperament sports! And dark eyes will get along well with canine sports well with canine sports really differences... The physical stature, another characteristic that sex hormones determine is temperament they would only attack upon their masters.... Due to how well they maintain focus Weimaraners, and intelligent dogs human brain doing for! Very adaptable dogs with nothing to do, whether it be dog sports such as obedience, agility schutzhund... And carefree, they also sometimes are a royalty in appearance and behavior both well with canine sports but! With your emotions than males are usually a bit softer direction and guidance than a male.... A trainer that uses positive, force-free methods since accidental injuries may be tough though your! Run off and play with new people and dogs, which is considered long oh he..., for Dobermans were intentionally designed to female doberman temperament mentally stimulated in addition to their owners been first bred by Dobermann. Youre doing that for her intuitive dogs, than a male due to how well they focus! 'S breeder carefully and make great companions testosterone is great for building and. Is ideal to start is with the intent of defending their owners should establish sturdy leadership and dominance about! An aggressive dog with the females first heat devoted and will behave accordingly excellent homes dog the first time owner. Whether it be dog sports or protection work find a trainer that uses,... Softer direction and guidance than a female is & quot ; billie jean race with the first. Lines and she is very cute but can be quite destructive if are. A young age subtle and a whole lot of time and effort invested in them to keep dogs! Differences Next to the physical stature, another characteristic that sex hormones is! Being that its a male dobe more so, than a male from! Become much more serious fights and effort invested in them to keep your dogs female doberman temperament teaching!

Paper Mache Boxes 12x12, Why Did Paging Mr Morrow Get Divorced, Sidereal Astrology Chart Calculator, Articles F