And because the Ukrainians in 1993, as we were getting ready to bring this to closure, made very clear that a key element for them in their decision finally to get rid of those nuclear weapons. Anyone can read what you share. The Russians received badly needed American dollars to bolster their economy and partially disarmed their neighbor. Putin earlier this week claimed that Ukraine was still in possession of Soviet nuclear technology and wanted to make its own nuclear weapons. We know that there have already been reports that Ukraine wants to make its own nuclear weapons. But history shows the denuclearization to have been a chaotic upheaval that shook with infighting, reversals and discord among the countrys government and military. And I think perhaps there was even a certain sense of complacency on the Ukrainian part after signing this agreement to say, "Look, we have these guarantees that were signed," because incidentally, into Ukrainian and Russian, this was translated as a guarantee, not as an assurance. Kyiv could encounter the same dilemmas that have confronted Tehran, which has worked steadily for decades to acquire the know-how and materials to build a bomb all of which Ukraine apparently lacks. Today Pakistan even remains a security partner of the U.S., having received billions of dollars of military aid over the past several decades. PRESIDENT VOLODYMYR ZELESNKYY: (Through interpreter) We are initiating the Budapest Memorandum. Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do, Why Ukraine Gave Up Its Nuclear Weapons and What That Means in an Invasion by Russia. Although, the precise way was not really proscribed in the memorandum. More difficult to move were the long-range missiles, which could weigh 100 tons and rise to a height of nearly 90 feet. So they had this faith that the West would stand by them, or certainly the United States, the signatories, and Great Britain, would stand up for Ukraine should it come under threat. And look what happened. In exchange, the U.S., the U.K. and Russia would guarantee Ukraine's security in a 1994 agreement known as the Budapest Memorandum. But in public sphere these more simple narratives take hold. And Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov, who was in Paris at the time, simply did not show up. The prices on restaurant menus would literally change a couple of times during the day. Given the tragedy we are witnessing in Ukraine today where, despite its past assurances, the international community has remained a passiveobserver leaders of small countries must be forgiven for thinking twice before sacrificing their deterrent, regardless of what the leaders of great powers already armed with nuclear weaponry may say. But in the years that followed, Ukraine made the decision to completely denuclearize. Russia launched an assault on Ukraine on Thursday morning. The Russian government, however, denied the charge and defended itself by raising questions about the legitimacy of the leadership in Kyiv. Those of us who had been advisers in the Eastern European countries had developed formulas for partially fixing the local currencies to the dollar or DMark (the West German currency) to bring inflation under control and rapidly privatize the real economy. KELLY: Yeah. You don't sign agreements with the government, you sign it with the country. Consider what the world of media would look like without The Intercept. Thousands of nuclear arms had been left on Ukrainian soil by Moscow after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. But in the years that followed, Ukraine made the decision to completely denuclearize. Gaddafi and his family spent a few years building ties with Western elites, and all seemed to be going well for the Libyan dictator. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. After extensive political manoeuvring, Ukraine ratified Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty in February 1994 when it signed the Trilateral Statement along with the U.S. and Russia. Libya kept moving forward. Ukraine's nuclear capabilities worried the USA and Russia the most. Things, however, changed when the country became a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1994 alongside Belarus and Kazakhstan, the other two countries that were left with nuclear weapons after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The agreement also vowed that, if aggression took place, the signatories would seek immediate action from the United Nations Security Council to aid Ukraine. But in the years that followed, Ukraine made the decision to completely denuclearize. Russia's large-scale assault on Ukraine has . Ukrainian Military Forces servicemen walk past a metal plate that reads "caution mines" on the front line with Russia-backed separatists. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, News In the 1994 Budapest Memorandum, the United States, Russia, and Britain committed "to respect the independence and sovereignty and the existing borders of . The country was even hailed after it gave up its nucleararsenal. India News and Entertainment News here. Three decades ago, the newly independent country of Ukraine was briefly the third-largest nuclear power in the world. That promise was broken. Market Realist is a registered trademark. Today Ukraine has no easy path to producing or acquiring the materials to build a bomb. And we will not face this aggression alone. But in the years that followed, Ukraine made the decision to completely. This show of solidarity that we've recently seen, in this last kind of spur of tensions, goes a really long way to convince both Ukrainian leadership but also the public that even though we gave up these nuclear weapons, or nuclear option, the world still stands by us. At the time of U.S.S.R. dissolution, Ukraine had an estimated 1,900 strategic warheads, 176 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), and 44 strategic bombers, according to the Arms Control Association of the U.S. Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard University spoke with All Things Considered about the legacy of the Budapest Memorandum and its impact today. NPR's Mary Louise Kelly talks with Mariana Budjeryn about the Budapest Memorandum, an agreement guaranteeing security for Ukraine if it gave up nuclear weapons left over after the Soviet Union fell. MUNICH When Ukraine gave up a huge arsenal of nuclear weapons left on its territory after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it famously struck a deal with Washington, London and . In the days that followed, there has been death and destruction and fears of a new Cold War. Russia-Ukraine Crisis People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. This is no empty boast. Take Iran: In 2015, the Islamic Republic signed a comprehensive nuclear deal with the U.S. that limited its possible breakout capacity toward building a nuclear weapon and provided extensive monitoring of its civilian nuclear program. Because if you have a country that disarms and then becomes a target of such a threat and a victim of such a threat at the hands of a nuclear-armed country, it just sends a really wrong signal to other countries that might want to pursue nuclear weapons. A nuclear-armed state breaks up. BUDJERYN: Well, what happened was exactly that - that Russia just glibly violated it. STR/AFP via Getty Images Three decades ago, the newly independent country of Ukraine was briefly the third-largest nuclear power in the world. It limited the number of ICBMs and nuclear warheads that the countries could possess. It is clear that Ukrainians knew they weren't getting the exactly legally binding, really robust security guarantees they sought. For more information on this publication: The Conversation About Ukraine Is Cracking Apart, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Global Perspectives on the War in Ukraine, The War in Ukraine at One Year: Belfer Center Perspectives, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, US-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Meghan O'Sullivan Named Director of Belfer Center, Chinas BeiDou: New Dimensions of Great Power Competition, SVAC Explainer: Wartime Sexual Violence in Ukraine, 2014-2021, Senior Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom, Former Postdoctoral Research Fellow, International Security Program/Project on Managing the Atom, 20172018, 20192020, Former Stanton Nuclear Security Postdoctoral Fellow, International Security Program/Project on Managing the Atom, 20162017, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden, Copyright 2022 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. AP. BUDJERYN: You know, I would say after having researched this topic for nearly a decade, Ukraine did the right thing at the time. And there's a mechanism of consultations that is provided for in the memorandum should any issues arise, and it was mobilized for the first time on March 4, 2014. In late 1994, the pledges got fleshed out. MARIANA BUDJERYN: The implication was Ukraine would not be let to stand alone and face a threat should it come under one. Ukraine suddenly found itself independent and the third-largest nuclear power in the world. At the. Following the Lisbon protocol, differences between Russia and Ukraine on the latters status as a nuclear state came to the fore, raising concerns related to nuclear disarmament. Updated Date: Ukraine transferred its last nuclear warhead to Russia in 1996 and dismantled its last strategic nuclear delivery vehicle in 2001. As Russia initiated a military operation against Ukraine on Thursday, the notes of regret couldnt be missed in the voice of Ukrainian MP Alexey Goncharenko as he recalled how his country gave up nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees from Russia and the US. At the time, both Ukrainian and American experts questioned the wisdom of atomic disarmament. And the narrative in Ukraine publicly is we had the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal. They cannot be abusive or personal. I recall one morning watching an open truck with loaves of bread and the driver selling quarter loaves to a long line of hungry people because they could not afford a whole loaf. WUSF is reporting on how distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine exposes inequities in Floridas health care system. Now, looking at this history, however, the guarantors the signatories of the Budapest Memorandum especially but also the international community more broadly needs to react in the way as to not make Ukraine doubt in the rightness of that decision. In exchange, the U.S., the U.K. and Russia would guarantee Ukraine's security in a 1994 agreement known as the Budapest Memorandum. And it really doesn't look good for the international non-proliferation regime. BUDJERYN: There certainly is a good measure of regret, Mary Louise. In 1992, Ukraine signed the Lisbon Protocol and it joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state in 1994. More widely, experts fear that the current crisis could turn Ukraine from an example of arms-control benefits to one of atomic-disarmament risks, and drive the Irans and Saudi Arabias of the world to pursue their own nuclear arms programs. Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard University spoke withAll Things Consideredabout the legacy of the Budapest Memorandum and its impact today. Ukraine committed to full disarmament in exchange for economic compensation and security assurances. Ukraines former defence minister Anriy Zahorodniuk also expressed regretatdenuclearisation. Harvard Kennedy School Dean Douglas Elmendorf has announced that Kennedy School Professor Meghan OSullivan, a former senior national security advisor, will be the next director of the Center, beginning July 2023. That lesson is especially true for small nations outmatched by great powers. February 27, 2022 11:52 am | Updated February 28, 2022 12:02 pm IST, A view shows the launch of a cruise missile of the Iskander tactical missile system during the exercise of the strategic deterrence force in an unknown location, in this still image taken from a video released February 19, 2022. During the height of the crisis, Mr. Yushchenko asked me to give him an assessment of the situation and what should be done. It reduced the overall number of nuclear weapons in the world. Russia launched an assault on Ukraine on Thursday morning. Some of the Ukrainian leaders resisted giving up the nuclear warheads, but the money seemed more important to most of them, so the "Budapest Memorandum" was signed in December 1994. Russia treacherously attacked our state in the morning, as Nazi Germany did in #2WW years. What Vladimir Putins suspension of New START means for the world, One Year of Russia-Ukraine War: The moments that the world shall never forget, Ukraines nuclear regret: A look back at when and why Kyiv gave up its arsenal. BUDJERYN: It is clear that Ukrainians knew they weren't getting the exactly - sort of these legally binding, really robust security guarantees they sought. That included possibilities like withdrawal of diplomatic recognition by US and Nato allies, and a probable retaliation by Russia. North Korea has managed to keep its hermetic political system intact for decades despite tensions with the international community. According to the memorandum, signatories Russia, the U.S., and the U.K. agreed to respect the independence and sovereignty and existing borders of Ukraine after the country agreed to give up its nuclear stockpile. Putin also accused Ukraine of acting like "Nazi Germany," something Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky threw back at Putin. Even so, the nuclear genie is once again stirring as Russian troops encircle the nation and wage a shadow war in its easternmost provinces. It did the right thing by itself and also by the international community. 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138Locations & Directions, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Unfortunately, the Budapest Memorandum isn't an official treaty and isn't legally binding. KELLY: That is Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard University. Well, I asked Budjeryn to step back to how Ukraine saw the agreement when they signed it back in 1994. KELLY: We've been speaking with Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard University. Formally, the weapons were now controlled by the. How many covert wars, miscarriages of justice, and dystopian technologies would remain hidden if our reporters werent on the beat? Many refused, and the soldiers who managed Ukraines nuclear forces fell into a period of tense bewilderment over the fate of the arsenal and its operational status. With inputs from agencies. EU weighs new powers to hit those helping Russia evade sanctions, Will we see more nuclear arms in the future? Both the Ukrainian and Russian militaries had largely fallen apart and neither country was in a position to fight anyone. Dear President Biden: War in Ukraine isnt just about Ukraine, There can be no genuine budget discipline without entitlement reform, Two birds, one stone: 1619 Project vindicates capitalism. That makes everyone safer. On whether Ukrainians regret nuclear disarmament, Some Ukrainians regret that Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons, but Mariana Budjeryn says the country made the right decision at the time. In the early 1990s, these countries focused their efforts on disarming Ukraine. IN PICS: California turns snow white, battles powerful winter storm and rare blizzard, Kharge takes umbrage over umbrella comment as PM Modi takes on Congress in Karnataka, How Manish Sisodia, Satyendar Jain arrests threw Kejriwal cabinet into disarray, Why did Ukraine give up its Nuclear Weapons to Russia in late 1990s? But the experience of countriesthat actually have disarmed is likely to lead more of them to conclude otherwise in the future. And I think perhaps there was even a certain sense of complacency on the Ukrainian part after signing this agreement to say, look, we have these guarantees that were signed. The U.S. paid the Russians who were also in a desperate economic situation to dismantle the warheads and convert the uranium for use in power plants. KELLY: You're making the case that if you were watching all this from, say, Tehran today, you might think - huh - look at the choice Ukraine made. The move was criticised by governments around the world and called a direct violation of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum. In 1994, Ukraine made the decision to give up its nuclear weapons a decision that many are questioning almost two decades later as Russia, led by President Vladimir Putin invades the Eastern European country. Three decades ago, the newly independent country of Ukraine was briefly the third-largest nuclear power in the world. Now, looking at this history, however, the guarantors the signatories of the Budapest Memorandum especially but also the international community more broadly needs to react in the way as to not make Ukraine doubt in the rightness of that decision. During an optimistic moment in the early 1990s, Ukraine's leadership made what today seems like a fateful decision: to disarm the country and. As of today, our countries are on different sides of world history. Analysis & Opinions KELLY: Yeah. The country had accepted economic assistance from the U.S. to dismantle missiles, bombers, and nuclear infrastructure, and agreed to hand over its warheads to Russia to be dismantled there in exchange for compensation for the commercial value of its highly-enriched uranium. President Barack Obama (L) and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Russia in 2009. A lot of civilians are arming up.. ), In Budapest on Dec. 5, 1994, The United States of America, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland taking into account the commitment of Ukraine to eliminate all nuclear weapons from its territory reaffirm their commitment to Ukraine to respect the Independence and Sovereignty of the existing borders of Ukraine to refrain from the threat of or use of force against the territorial or political independence of Ukraine.. Thousands of nuclear arms had been left on Ukrainian soil by Moscow after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. At the end of the Cold War, the third largest nuclear power on earth was not Britain, France or China. Thousands of nuclear arms had been left on Ukrainian soil by Moscow after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. We highlight the stories of Black Floridians seeking emotional healing and wellness. Although, the precise way was not really proscribed in the memorandum. The memorandum was about that Ukraine could not be invaded, that its borders would be respected. But that, of course, does not stand to any international legal kind of criteria. An engineer examines the engine ofan SS-19 intercontinental ballistic missile in Dnipro, Ukraine, on July 26, 1996. In exchange, the U.S., the U.K. and Russia would guarantee Ukraine's security in a 1994 agreement known as the Budapest Memorandum. There certainly is a good measure of regret, and some of . It signed on to an additional protocol of the International Atomic Energy Agency allowing for extensive international monitoring of nuclear reserves. / In May 1996, Ukraine saw the last of its nuclear arms transported back to Russia. Ukraine was bankrupt and the people were desperate. So he wouldn't even come to the meeting in connection with the memorandum. Accuracy and availability may vary. Joining is simple and doesnt need to cost a lot: You can become a sustaining member for as little as $3 or $5 a month. Thousands of nuclear arms had been left on Ukrainian soil by Moscow after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. On whether Russia has respected the memorandum. "The narrative in Ukraine, publicly is: We had the worlds third-largest nuclear arsenal, we gave it up for this signed piece of paper, and look what happened.". Additionally, it was clear that theauthority over the centralised firing controls of these weapons remained in Moscow so it was doubtful for Ukraine to use the weapons. It was the third-largest nuclear arsenal on Earth. Instead, Ukraine punted. Where are these guarantees? You cant find bullets in the stores. Instead, Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum with Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In Ukraine, the Crimean invasion and the lengthy war led to a series of calls for atomic rearmament, according to Dr. Budjeryn, author of Inheriting the Bomb, a forthcoming book from Johns Hopkins University Press. Ukraine's decision to give up nuclear weapons. Ukraine was also promised that its territorial integrity and political independence will be maintained and that the signatories will not use economic coercion against Ukraine to their own advantage. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Mary Louise Kelly is a co-host of All Things Considered, NPR's award-winning afternoon newsmagazine. The agreement assured Ukraine that Russia, US and UK would refrain from threatening it and respect its independence and sovereignty and the existing borders. So the implication was Ukraine would not be left to stand alone and face a threat should it come under one. Bombs, artillery shells, land mines and the relatively small warheads atop short-range missiles were the easiest to relocate and most likely to fall into unfriendly hands. In Kyiv, the government in 1993 went so far as to consider seizing operational control of its nuclear missiles and bombers. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Start) was a bilateral treaty signed by former U.S. President George H.W. First, Ukraine wanted compensation for the enriched uranium in the nuclear warheads that could be used for fuel, which Russia agreed to. In return for Ukraine giving up its nuclear weapons, the country was given security assurances against threats or the use of force. Given the clout that comes with nuclear weapons, why did Ukraine decide to. nuclear weapons But in the years that followed, Ukraine made the decision to completely denuclearize. In a world bristling with weapons with the potential to end human civilization, nonproliferation itself is a morally worthwhile and even necessary goal. And there's a mechanism of consultations that is provided for in the memorandum should any issues arise. It is unambiguously clear that Russian President Vladimir Putin has violated the agreement. As Ukraine battles powerful Russian armed forces, leaders of the country have expressed regrets about giving up their nuclear weapons which they believe might have held off an invasion of. The removal of this arsenal often gets hailed as a triumph of arms control. Russia had become an imperfect democracy under Yeltsin, with basic freedoms. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. Ukraine never had an independent nuclear weapons arsenal, or control over these weapons, but agreed to remove former Soviet weapons stationed on its territory. Because if you have a country that disarms and then becomes a target of such a threat and a victim of such a threat at the hands of a nuclear-armed country, it just sends a really wrong signal to other countries that might want to pursue nuclear weapons. Thats all it takes to support the journalism you rely on. And some of it is poorly informed because, of course, it would have cost Ukraine quite a bit, both economically and in terms of international political repercussions, to hold on to these arms. It is hard to estimate whether Ukrainians would foresee the impact. Cambridge, MA 02138 [Russia argues that it] signed it with a different government, not with this "illegitimate" one. Despite having the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world, the authority to use the centralised firing control of these weapons remained in Moscow. At the time of its independence from the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine had the third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world. Missile silos abandoned by the Gaddafi regime are left in the desert at a military base in Lona, Libya, on Sept. 29, 2011. As can be seen in the enclosed table, after a couple of difficult decades, Russia and Ukraine have been enjoying real economic growth in recent years, and inflation has been largely brought under control. In 1991, Ukraine had the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world and by 1996, it had completely disarmed. What undid the diplomatic feat was the collective failure of Washington and Kyiv to take into account the rise of someone like Vladimir V. Putin, Steven Pifer, a negotiator of the Budapest Memorandum and a former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine now at Stanford University, said in an interview. And it really doesn't look good - doesn't look good for the international nonproliferation regime because if you have a country that disarms and then becomes a target of such a threat and a victim of such a threat at the hands of a nuclear-armed country, it just sends a really wrong signal to other countries that might want to pursue nuclear weapons. Following the dissolution of the START treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) in 2009, Russia and the United States released a joint statement that the memorandum's security assurances would still be respected. Firstpost - All Rights Reserved. But that, of course, does not stand to, you know, any international legal criteria, right? While Kyiv had failed to get what it wanted the kind of legally binding guarantees that would come with a formal treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate it received assurances that Washington would take its political commitments as seriously as its legal obligations, according to Dr. Budjeryn, a research analyst at the Managing the Atom project at Harvards Kennedy School. Putin is playing the nuclear cardagain. The betrayal of Ukrainians in particular cannot be understated. The other part is whatever one feels as a result of being subjected to injustice.. As Ukraine battles powerful Russian armed forces, leaders of the country have expressed regrets about giving up their nuclear weapons which they believe might have held off an invasion of their territory by Russian President Vladimir Putin. You know, they had this faith that the West would stand by them - the United States, the signatories and Great Britain - would stand up for Ukraine as it were should it come under threat, although the precise way in which was not really proscribed in the memorandum. Nations that sacrifice their nuclear deterrents in exchange for promises of goodwill are often signing their own death warrants. As of today, our countries are on different sides of world history," Zelensky tweeted. Erath suggests that Putin thinks he can trade on the promise of resuming Russia's obligations to the treaty to convince the U.S. to cease its support for Ukraine's goals in the war and to . Ukrainians are not the only ones whohave come to regret signing away their nuclear weapons. February 24, 2022 20:33:02 IST, The new powers may include issuing warnings to people or companies outside and in the EU that are helping Russia get around sanctions and giving the bloc the ability to act where this relates to products used against Ukraine in battle, according to a report, Since 2010, the US and Russia have been part of the New START treaty that capped the number of nuclear weapons deployed. Hold On to Your Nuclear Weapons. And it was mobilized for the first time in at that point - what? Not long afterward, the agreement was violated by the Trump administration, despite the countrys own continued compliance. Ukraine in fact still has Soviet nuclear technology and delivery systems for such weapons, Putin had said, according to Russian news agency TASS. Analysis & Opinions So he wouldn't even come to the meeting in connection with the memorandum. A nuclear-weapons-capable bomber being dismantled in Ukraine in 2006 Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons in the 1990s in return for security guarantees from the US, UK and Russia. The six paragraph-agreement also assured Ukraine that the other three signatories will refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine, and that none of their weapons will ever be used against Ukraine except in self-defence or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Putin, however, rejected the criticism calling the Budapest Memorandum invalid as it had been signed with a previous Ukrainian government. The weapons were stationed there by the Soviet Union and inherited by Ukraine when, at the end of the Cold War,itbecame independent. Copyright 2023 The Washington Times, LLC. Formally, the weapons were now controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States. This meant that the Soviet Union's nuclear stockpile was now divided between Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Ukraine committed to full disarmament in exchange for economic compensation and security assurances. File Copyright 2023. Richard W. Rahn is chair of the Institute for Global Economic Growth and MCon LLC. Ukrainewas once the third-largest nuclear power (during the end of the cold war) with Moscow's5,000 nuclear arms stationed at the country's territory after the fall of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991. These include respect for state sovereignty, the inviolability of international borders and abstention from the threat or use of force. This is a document signed at the highest level by the heads of state. Why did Ukraine give up nuclear weapons? KELLY: And the Russians argued, look, we signed this, but it was a while ago. But that never came to pass. Meanwhile, President Putin has putRussia's nuclear forces on special alert, the move justified as a response to aggressive statements by the West. The Intercept is an independent nonprofit news outlet. Not stand to, you know, any international legal criteria, right its impact today,. S large-scale assault on Ukraine has no easy path to producing or acquiring the materials to build a bomb any... George H.W launched an assault on Ukraine has meeting in connection with the Memorandum should any issues arise Union nuclear! And the Russians argued, look, we signed this, but it was mobilized for the enriched in. Completely disarmed, however, denied the charge and defended itself by raising about. Does n't look good for the international non-proliferation regime neither country was in Paris at the time, Ukrainian... Examines the engine ofan SS-19 intercontinental ballistic missile in Dnipro, Ukraine made the decision to completely denuclearize step! 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