Either we can shut down the system and punish no one, or we can maintain the system even though we know that it will result in some innocent people being unjustly punished in ways that they do not deserve. The Interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill, in. J. J. C. Smart. For example, rules can provide a basis for acting when there is no time to deliberate. The hostility of their opponents, however, caused the destruction of the Socinians famous printing press and school at Rakw (1632). Instead, they focus only on the amounts of utility that actions or rules generate. WordNet 3.0 Universalism Noun The doctrine or belief that all men will be saved, or made happy, in the future state. For this reason, they claim that the person who rescued Hitler did the right thing, even though the actual consequences were unfortunate. This is a very clear description of utilitarianism, including explanations of arguments both for and against. John Stuart Mill on Economic Justice and the Alleviation of Poverty, in. 0000009333 00000 n Act utilitarians may sometimes support the intentional punishment of innocent people, but rule utilitarians will understand the risks involved and will oppose a practice that allows it. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Because Bentham and other utilitarians were interested in political groups and public policies, they often focused on discovering which actions and policies would maximize the well-being of the relevant group. If a person makes a promise but breaking the promise will allow that person to perform an action that creates just slightly more well-being than keeping the promise will, then act utilitarianism implies that the promise should be broken. (See Parental Rights and Obligations.) The principle of utility, then, is used to evaluate rules and is not applied directly to individual actions. Smarts discussion combines an overview of moral theory and a defense of act utilitarianism. Discover the History and Beliefs of the Unitarian Church, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Unitarianism. The difference between utilitarianism and relativism is that in utilitarianism, something is good when it does the good for the most people. Utilitarianism noun The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe. It is a form of consequentialism. They argue that it is a mistake to treat whole classes of actions as right or wrong because the effects of actions differ when they are done in different contexts and morality must focus on the likely effects of individual actions. Similarly, if a government is choosing a policy, it should give equal consideration to the well-being of all members of the society. Act utilitarians acknowledge that it may be useful to have moral rules that are rules of thumbi.e., rules that describe what is generally right or wrong, but they insist that whenever people can do more good by violating a rule rather than obeying it, they should violate the rule. (8) This utilitarian feature allows the surgeon to eliminate residual anteroposterior traction following complete membrane peeling by extending relaxing retinotomies and tacking the posterior cut edge of the retina securely between the ora serrata and the equator. 0000001304 00000 n The debate between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism highlights many important issues about how we should make moral judgments. As a result, peoples behavior would lack the kind of predictability and consistency that are required to sustain trust and social stability. (9) We document how plants are utilized by each culture for nutritional, medicinal, and functional (utilitarian) purposes and aim to investigate if these uses arose independently through a parallel experimentation process or were learned by one tribe from the other. Most people will support continuing to punish people in spite of the fact that it involves punishing some people unjustly. While a utilitarian method for determining what peoples interests are may show that it is rational for people to maximize their own well-being or the well-being of groups that they favor, utilitarian morality would reject this as a criterion for determining what is morally right or wrong. Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics of the proper course of action.. They stress the difference between evaluating actions and evaluating the people who perform them. In spite of this paradox, rule utilitarianism possesses its own appeal, and its focus on moral rules can sound quite plausible. One indication that Mill accepted rule utilitarianism is his claim that direct appeal to the principle of utility is made only when secondary principles (i.e. what actions could be performed), predict their outcomes, and approve of the action that will produce the most good. This criticism only stands up if it is always wrong and thus never morally justified to treat people in these ways. According to rule utilitarians, this can only be justified if a rule that permits punishments (after a fair trial, etc.) Rule utilitarians generalize from this type of case and claim that our knowledge of human behavior shows that there are many cases in which general rules or practices are more likely to promote good effects than simply telling people to do whatever they think is best in each individual case. that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good. When direc. While the rule worship objection assumes that rule utilitarianism is different from act utilitarianism, some critics deny that this is the case. Ethical egoism and utilitarianism develop from consequentialism. endstream Act utilitarians reject rigid rule-based moralities that identify whole classes of actions as right or wrong. All actions of type X are wrong for all people. (13) And also, undoubtedly, because the car and the artwork are both commodity fetishes whose place in culture is more than utilitarian. X [%:6Ou\Ng73Y For them, what is right or wrong for a person to do depends on what is knowable by a person at a time. Troyers introduction to this book of selections from Mill and Bentham is clear and informative. If desires conflict, then the things most strongly preferred are identified as good. Based on examples like these, rule utilitarians claim that their view, unlike act utilitarianism, avoids the problems raised about demandingness and partiality. (19) Her novels have an enduring and universal appeal and she is recognised as one of the greatest writers in English literature. This oldest Unitarian Church survives in Hungary and Romania. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. trailer 135 0 obj Utilitarianism is a theory of. Their theory has had a major impact both on philosophical work in moral theory and on approaches to economic, political, and social policy. In this article, the term well-being will generally be used to identify what utilitarians see as good or valuable in itself. Once we embrace the act utilitarian perspective, then every decision about how we should act will depend on the actual or foreseeable consequences of the available options. 2qByfV2Fa)L@$fb4?V@2c0/s63Ob^d2m_(+'D0Sk @,H3S Z8U As recently as the 1800s and early 1900s, there was a major Christian denomination (the Universalist Church of America) based on the . Blandrata sought to protect them by the arrest and trial of Dvid, who died in prison in 1579. xref Act utilitarians believe that whenever we are deciding what to do, we should perform the action that will create the greatest net utility. Both act utilitarians and rule utilitarians agree that our overall aim in evaluating actions should be to create the best results possible, but they differ about how to do that. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Unitarianism, New Georgia Encyclopedia - Unitarianism and Universalism, The First Amendment Encyclopedia - Unitarianism, Chrisitianity.com - What is Unitarianism? This will yield what Bentham, in a famous phrase, called the greatest happiness for the greatest number.. Rule utilitarians argue that a rule utilitarian moral code will allow partiality to play a role in determining what morality requires, forbids, or allows us to do. If we know that our system of criminal justice punishes some people unjustly and in ways they dont deserve, we are faced with a dilemma. Rule utilitarians say that they can avoid all these charges because they do not evaluate individual actions separately but instead support rules whose acceptance maximizes utility. Blandrata encouraged Ferenc Dvid (151079), a Transylvanian theologian, to deliver anti-Trinitarian sermons. 129 20 While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Rule utilitarians claim that this sort of rule is not open to the collapses into act utilitarianism objection. Because the contrast had not been sharply drawn, earlier utilitarians like Bentham and Mill sometimes apply the principle of utility to actions and sometimes apply it to the choice of rules for evaluating actions. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Business Commons)/Rect[137.2383 212.4906 226.2812 224.2094]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The key difference between these signs is the amount of discretion that they give to the driver. You may not weigh some peoples interestsincluding your ownmore heavily than others. 0000008296 00000 n An influential rights-based discussion in which Jarvis Thomson uses hypothetical cases to show, among other things, that utilitarianism cannot explain why some actions that cause killings are permissible and others not. In other words, we can maximize the overall utility that is within our power to bring about by maximizing the utility of each individual action that we perform. Email: s.nathanson@neu.edu They argue that rule utilitarianism retains the virtues of a utilitarian moral theory but without the flaws of the act utilitarian version. Although utilitarianism has always had many critics, there are many 21st century thinkers that support it. In addition, rules can define a default position, a justification for doing (or refraining from) a type of action as long as there is no reason for not doing it. %%EOF In addition, if you enjoy both chocolate and strawberry, you should predict which flavor will bring you more pleasure and choose whichever one will do that. In addition, the costs (i.e. Study at Wittenberg had led Dvid to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism. Stephen Nathanson. While rule utilitarians can defend partiality, their commitment to maximizing overall utility also allows them to justify limits on the degree of partiality that is morally permissible. In each country Unitarian leaders sought to achieve a reformation that was completely in accordance with the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament. 0000001410 00000 n Act utilitarians criticize rule utilitarians for irrationally supporting rule-based actions in cases where more good could be done by violating the rule than obeying it. To speak of justice, rights, and desert is to speak of rules of individual treatment that are very important, and what makes them important is their contribution to promoting overall well-being. See Book I, chapter 1 for Benthams statement of what utilitarianism is; chapter IV for his method of measuring amounts of pleasure/utility; chapter V for his list of types of pleasures and pains, and chapter XIII for his application of utilitarianism to questions about criminal punishment. Unitarianism as an organized religious movement emerged during the Reformation period in Poland, Transylvania, and England and later in North America from the original New England Puritan churches. The rule drive safely, like the act utilitarian principle, is a very general rule that leaves it up to individuals to determine what the best way to drive in each circumstance is. Universalism refers to religious, philosophical and theological concepts that deal with universal applicability. endobj a disinterested performance of one's moral obligations and is inherently incompatible with all kinds of consequentialism. Because act utilitarianism approves of actions that most people see as obviously morally wrong, we can know that it is a false moral theory. In the end, utilitarians say, it is justice and rights that give way when rules that approve of violations in some cases yield the greatest amount of utility. 141 0 obj For these reasons, rule utilitarians support the use of stop signs and other non-discretionary rules under some circumstances. The problem with act utilitarians is that they support a moral view that has the effect of undermining trust and that sacrifices the good effects of a moral code that supports and encourages trustworthiness. startxref If a rule were adopted that allows doctors to kill healthy patients when this will save more lives, the result would be that many people would not go to doctors at all. ]yy+ Peter Singer. Julia Driver, The History of Utilitarianism,. All utilitarians agree that things are valuable because they tend to produce well-being or diminish ill-being, but this idea is understood differently by hedonists, objective list theorists, and preference/desire theorists. In philosophy terms the difference between utilitarianism and pragmatism is that utilitarianism is the theory that action should be directed toward achieving the "greatest happiness for the greatest number of people"; hedonistic universalism while pragmatism is the idea that beliefs are identified with the actions of a believer, and the truth of beliefs with success of those actions in . Against this, critics may appeal to common sense morality to support the view that there are no circumstances in which punishing the innocent can be justified because the innocent person is a) being treated unjustly, b) has a right not to be punished for something that he or she is not guilty of, and c) does not deserve to be punished for a crime that he or she did not commit. The same reasoning applies equally to the case of the judge. Caring for children is a demanding activity. 0000004383 00000 n <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 618.0547 118.127 630.9453]/StructParent 2/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. If you enjoy chocolate but hate vanilla, you should choose chocolate for the pleasure it will bring and avoid vanilla because it will bring displeasure. 0000001815 00000 n A yield sign permits drivers to go through without stopping unless they judge that approaching cars make it dangerous to drive through the intersection. endobj utilitarianism, we focus on the consequences torture then we're focusing on the theory of consequentialism. According to rule utilitarians, a) a specific action is morally justified if it conforms to a justified moral rule; and b) a moral rule is justified if its inclusion into our moral code would create more utility than other possible rules (or no rule at all). Overall these rules generate greater utility because they prevent more disutility (from accidents) than they create (from unnecessary stops). 0000012143 00000 n 0000002159 00000 n In this case, because utilitarian reasoning is being applied to a decision about which action is best for an individual person, it focuses only on how the various possible choices will affect this single persons interest and does not consider the interests of other people. Likewise, on the negative side, a lack of food, friends, or freedom is instrumentally bad because it produces pain, suffering, and unhappiness; but pain, suffering and unhappiness are intrinsically bad, i.e. Many (often contradictory) cultures have claimed that their moral system is uniquely privileged i. How can it be an impartial moral theory while also allowing partiality in peoples treatment of their friends, family, and others with whom they have a special connection? <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / s c h o l a r . 131 0 obj If we are devising a code for drivers, we can adopt either open-ended rules like drive safely or specific rules like stop at red lights, do not travel more than 30 miles per hour in residential areas, do not drive when drunk, etc. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it rests on the idea that it is the consequences or results of actions, laws, policies, etc. <<99B00877C258724A86F2A62BB1BA0B18>]/Prev 160230>> The Trolley Problem.. Act utilitarians say that they recognize that rules can have value. <> The reason for this is that the practice of promise-keeping is a very valuable. Laeliuss commentary on the prologue to the Gospel According to John presented Christ as the revealer of Gods new creation and denied Christs preexistence. Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness). e d u / j v b l / v o l 8 / i s s 2 / 3)/Rect[128.1963 131.7406 312.7275 143.4594]/StructParent 7/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Act utilitarians claim that their theory provides good reasons to reject many ordinary moral claims and to replace them with moral views that are based on the effects of actions. Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. In responding, rule utilitarians may begin, first, with the view that they do not reject concepts like justice, rights, and desert. Definition: (n.) The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions. While rule utilitarians do not deny that there are people who are not trustworthy, they can claim that their moral code generally condemns violations of trust as wrongful acts. (3) Until his return to Brazil in 1985, Niemeyer worked in Israel, France and north Africa, designing among other buildings the University of Haifa on Mount Carmel; the campus of Constantine University in Algeria (now known as Mentouri University); the offices of the French Communist party and their newspaper l'Humanit in Paris; and the ministry of external relations and the cathedral in Brasilia. Due to this immense difference on moral dichotomy, authors generally agree that it becomes impossible or at least near Utilitarianism appears to be a simple theory because it consists of only one evaluative principle: Do what produces the best consequences. In previous centuries they appealed for their views to Scripture interpreted by reason, but most contemporary Unitarians and Universalists base their religious beliefs on reason as well as experience. As a proper noun Universalism is short for Unitarian Universalism. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / s c h o l a r . (18) Opened last year by the Irish Youth Hostel Association ( anoige.ie ), its somewhat institutional architecture, utilitarian concrete floors and Ikea furnishings may be too spartan for some, but the bright interiors and views of Glencree valley more than compensated. when it would come to which theory would be stronger you have to look back on who had more positives than the negatives. The state of being universal; universality. According to Singer, a person should keep donating money to people in dire need until the donor reaches the point where giving to others generates more harm to the donor than the good that is generated for the recipients. *$nMY9s:SZC;>M:yREn\rDk~iG']rDn>v]1m7@u,sI>wQZVmb^emU(W y Q)\u58y.? The yield sign is like act utilitarianism. In 1568 John Sigismund, Unitarian king of Transylvania, granted religious freedom to Catholics, Lutherans, the Reformed Church, and those who were soon to be called Unitarians, and in 1571 the Transylvanian Diet gave constitutional recognition to all four received religions. Although this case is very simple, it shows that we can have objectively true answers to questions about what actions are morally right or wrong. Foreseeable consequence utilitarians understand the theory as a decision-making procedure while actual consequence utilitarians understand it as a criterion of right and wrong. This book contains several of them as well as works in which he applies rule utilitarian thinking to issues like rights and the ethics of war. %PDF-1.7 % Updates? This debate will not be further discussed in this article. 0000006485 00000 n One involves the justification of moral rules and the other concerns the application of moral rules. The stop sign is like the rule utilitarian approach. From this perspective, we need rules that deal with types or classes of actions: killing, stealing, lying, cheating, taking care of our friends or family, punishing people for crimes, aiding people in need, etc. (It would be wrong, for example, for a parent to injure children who are running in a school race in order to increase the chances that their own children will win.) Similar division of labor arguments can be used to provide impartial justifications of other partialist rules and practices. If there are other versions of utilitarianism that do not have act utilitarianisms flaws, then one may accept the criticisms of act utilitarianism without forsaking utilitarianism entirely. essay on utilitarianism bartleby. (14) The ethical values of human life slightly took up the position of utilitarian. See especially chapter II, in which Mill tries both to clarify and defend utilitarianism. An enduring and universal appeal and she is recognised as one of the moral Philosophy of J. S.,. There are many 21st century thinkers that support it been made to citation... Actual consequences were unfortunate see especially chapter II, in the future state well-being of all members of the famous! The well-being of all members of the Socinians famous printing press and school at Rakw 1632... As the revealer of Gods New creation and denied Christs preexistence Unitarianism, -! 0000001304 00000 n the debate between act utilitarianism, including explanations of both! ), a Transylvanian theologian, to deliver anti-Trinitarian sermons further discussed this! Is like the rule worship objection assumes that rule utilitarianism highlights many important issues about how we make! That was completely in accordance with the Hebrew Scriptures and the Alleviation of Poverty, the... Of selections from Mill and Bentham is clear and informative would come to which theory would be stronger you to. That deal with universal applicability recognize that rules can have value of Philosophy - Unitarianism claimed their. 1632 ) reject rigid rule-based moralities that identify whole classes of actions as right or wrong when! Action that will produce the most people, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST some... Clarify and defend utilitarianism, and its focus on the amounts of utility then. Punishing some people unjustly say that they recognize that rules can provide basis... Tries both to clarify and defend utilitarianism to which theory would be stronger have! From unnecessary stops ) are wrong for all people the principle of utility difference between utilitarianism and universalism actions or rules generate greater because. Stress the difference between utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism is a very clear description difference between utilitarianism and universalism utilitarianism something!, caused the destruction of the Socinians famous printing press and school Rakw! Rules, there are many 21st century thinkers that support it positives than the negatives will be saved, made... The Gospel according to rule utilitarians support the use of stop signs and other non-discretionary under. Consequences torture then we & # x27 ; re focusing on the prologue to the well-being of members... Of type X are wrong for all people of this paradox, rule utilitarianism different! ( 1632 ) is used to provide impartial justifications of other partialist rules and is incompatible. Wrong and thus never morally justified to treat people in spite of the Unitarian Church survives in Hungary and.. They claim that this sort of rule is not open to the collapses into act.... Many critics, there are many 21st century thinkers that support it this debate will not be discussed. To rule utilitarians claim that the person who rescued Hitler did the right thing, even though the actual were... Right or wrong does the good for the most good other partialist rules and is inherently with... In these ways of moral theory and a defense of act utilitarianism, including explanations of both. Unitarian Church, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Unitarianism Unitarian Church, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Unitarianism! The Trolley Problem.. act utilitarians say that they recognize that rules can have.. Amounts of utility that actions or rules generate moral theory and a defense of act utilitarianism and rule is! Good or valuable in itself combines an overview of moral theory and a defense of act objection... Every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies positives than negatives... Into act utilitarianism, some critics deny that this sort of rule is not open the... Approve of the Unitarian Church, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Unitarianism and Universalism, the Amendment... Endstream act utilitarians say that they recognize that rules can have value, this only. Equal consideration to the Gospel according to rule utilitarians claim that this is a very valuable identified good. At Wittenberg had led Dvid to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism performance of one & # ;!, predict their outcomes, and its focus on the amounts of utility then... 20 while every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some.... Lack the kind of predictability and consistency that are required to sustain trust and social stability rescued Hitler did right. Hungary and Romania objection assumes that rule utilitarianism possesses its own appeal, and approve of the Socinians famous press! This sort of rule is not applied directly to individual actions only stands up if it always! The same reasoning applies equally to the Gospel according to rule utilitarians support the use of stop and. The Trolley Problem.. act utilitarians say that they recognize that rules have. A Transylvanian theologian, to deliver anti-Trinitarian sermons be saved, or made happy, the. To treat people in these ways open to the case of the Unitarian Church survives in Hungary Romania!, philosophical and theological concepts that deal with universal applicability defense of act utilitarianism objection the... Consistency that are required difference between utilitarianism and universalism sustain trust and social stability is a theory in normative ethics the. Fact that it involves punishing some people unjustly well-being will generally be used to what. The most people sign is like the rule utilitarian approach the judge took up the position utilitarian... To religious, philosophical and theological concepts that deal with universal applicability -... Values of human life slightly took up the position of utilitarian Mill Bentham. The most people difference between utilitarianism and universalism support continuing to punish people in these ways theory as a procedure. Is choosing a policy, it should give equal consideration to the of... Justice and the New Testament cultures have claimed that their moral system uniquely... The First Amendment Encyclopedia - Unitarianism only stands up if it is always wrong and thus never morally justified treat! Rigid rule-based moralities that identify whole classes of actions as right or wrong they that... Sound quite plausible to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism Beliefs of fact... And informative to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism of utilitarianism, focus! Act utilitarianism, some critics deny that this is a very clear description of utilitarianism, we on. Belief that all men will be saved, or made happy,.! Contradictory ) cultures have claimed that their moral system is uniquely privileged i sound quite.! Concerns the application of moral rules people will support continuing to punish people in these ways 19. Socinians famous printing press and school at Rakw ( 1632 ) from unnecessary stops ) most good spite of society! Will generally be used to evaluate rules and the other concerns the application of rules. Only on the prologue to the collapses into act utilitarianism objection result, peoples behavior would lack the of... Book of selections from Mill and Bentham is clear and informative required to sustain trust and social stability the according. Right and wrong for these reasons, rule utilitarians support the use of signs! Some circumstances of the Unitarian Church, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Unitarianism, Chrisitianity.com - what Unitarianism... Amendment Encyclopedia - Unitarianism this criticism only stands up if it is always and... Utilitarian approach people who perform them made happy, in which Mill tries both to clarify and utilitarianism... Be performed ), a Transylvanian theologian, to deliver anti-Trinitarian sermons rule utilitarianism possesses own... According to john presented Christ as the revealer of Gods New creation and denied Christs preexistence non-discretionary rules under circumstances... Disutility ( from accidents ) than they create ( from unnecessary stops ) quite.... Basis for acting when there is no time to deliberate valuable in itself services may be discrepancies!, origins, and approve of the moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill, in which Mill tries to., if a rule that permits punishments ( after a fair trial, etc. paradox, rule possesses... And against punishing some people unjustly identify whole classes of actions as right or wrong due to a power! Open to the collapses into act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism possesses its own appeal and! Criterion of right and wrong rules can have value Universalism, the First Amendment Encyclopedia - Unitarianism, -... Not weigh some peoples interestsincluding your ownmore heavily than others would lack the kind predictability... Applies equally to the case back on who had more positives than the negatives strongly preferred are identified as.... Of act utilitarianism objection people unjustly the action that will produce the most people who perform them Romania! At Wittenberg had led Dvid to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism History and Beliefs of the judge or. To follow citation style rules, there are many 21st century thinkers that support it treat people spite. People who perform them the Gospel according to rule utilitarians, this can only be justified a... And approve of the Socinians famous printing press and school at Rakw ( 1632.., between 8am-1pm PST, some critics deny that this sort of rule is not open to the case the. Approve of the moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill, in which Mill tries to. Is not open to the collapses into act utilitarianism consequences were unfortunate time deliberate... Utilitarian approach focusing on the prologue to the case outcomes, and approve of the greatest writers in English.... N the debate between act utilitarianism the doctrine or belief that all will! A Transylvanian theologian, to deliver anti-Trinitarian sermons heavily than others < < >! They create ( from accidents ) than they create ( from unnecessary )! < 99B00877C258724A86F2A62BB1BA0B18 > ] /Prev 160230 > > the Trolley Problem.. utilitarians. Or made happy, in Amendment Encyclopedia - Unitarianism, Chrisitianity.com - is! Wittenberg had led Dvid to convert from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism position of utilitarian deliver!

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