Emphasizing effort and praising mistakes, challenging a failure mentality, noticing and building on strengths, giving students another chance and connecting with students are ways in which teachers can unlock enthusiasm in their least motivated students. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? Our preoccupation with high standards, measures, and accountability is a case in point. Use entry and exit routines. Increased natural light or soft lighting can enhance an open, warm, and relaxing environment. Many prefer to think of physical injury, terrorizing, and psychological torture as atrocities that only happen to hostages imprisoned in foreign countries. Pick your battles carefully The behaviour. Institutional abuse takes place when adults who are considered authority figures misuse their power to coerce, abuse and exploit children. For children who have experienced some form of neglect, abuse or traumatic adverse childhood experience, it is crucial for educators and teachers to be aware of what they can do to support and protect these students. It is critical that we help these students feel safe and trusting where possible, so they learn to develop social intelligence and seek out positive bonds with others. Some take it a step further, though, and speak out against that stigmatization, empowering themselves and others. Other programs, like Peacebuilders and the Heroic Imagination Project, when adopted by schools, give kids the message that they can make a difference in creating a school where kindness is practiced and children are safe from bullying. For children and teenagers who still have trouble despite after school help or chances to correct their mistakes, IEPs and 504 Plans can help structure the unique assistance they need to succeed. : Lexington Books. Magazine A dverse childhood experiences (typically referred to as ACEs) are potentially traumatic experiences and events, ranging from abuse and neglect to parental incarceration. The teacher should help an abused child to set healthy boundaries and to know that he or she will be respected. My teacher, the sprightly Mrs. DeWilde, assigned my class an open-ended research project: Create a five-minute presentation about any exotic animal. Children may often feel that they are able to confide in teachers and educators. To betray that trust would repeat the betrayal experienced when an adult abused the child and failed to serve as a protector. Besharov, D. (1990). Greater Good Provide structure and consistency. 10. As an educator I was appalled at my previous lack of awareness of the consequences of abuse. The opportunity to do what we love to do and do well can reveal personal strengths and qualities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Coffey, R. (in press). 6. In order to develop a sense of understanding and . Take every report of abuse seriously. Boston: John Wright. Other teachers may see your class roster and warn you about a particular student, but if what they have to say is negative it can taint your perception of that student before you have even met them. TORONTO -- Being stuck at home with family during COVID-19 can be dangerous for children in volatile households, and a new online tool is offering resources for teachers who fear their. Building the mental health and academic capacities of students affected by trauma requires more than repairing psychological disorder and developmental delaysit requires the dual mantra of healing and growth. Tom Brunzell, M.S., Ed.M., has experience as a researcher, teacher, and school leader. My father would say, I know you like this, as he touched me in sexual ways that I did not like or that caused great physical pain. Assure fairness and transformative justice. Teachers have the ability to greatly impact the culture of a school, and our attitudes can help or hurt student motivation, achievement, and well-being. Incorporate Downtime Everyone can benefit from opportunities for mental rest, daydreaming, and opportunities to process new information, but traumatized children in particular need downtime in order to regroup, relax, and get a break from both the cognitive exertion of the academic day and the emotional stress of a chaotic home life. Howard Gardners Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences can be a helpful resource. Avoid deeming them attention seekers, or slackers. Work on being as patient as possible. Find out if mindfulness can help kids cope with failure. Kaiser surveyed more than 17,000 participants between 1995 and 1998 about their exposure to childhood maltreatment and family dysfunctions and are still being tracked for health outcomes. There is nothing that a child can do to prevent or stop the abuse. One in ten children is the victim of sexual abuse. 1. Listening to those who will talk is important; however, some students will be unable to share verbally what is happening. By Silence Abused. That doesn't make teaching them any easier, of course. A study of sexually abused 7-12 year-old girls showed: 39% . More than 2 million cases of child abuse were reported in 1986, compared with 669,000 in 1976. In a questionnaire sent to 1,800 college students, one-third indicated that they had been sexually abused. (1988). Wrap-around services for communities in need can help provide the kinds of supports kids need to do well in school, especially in high-risk neighborhoods. This helps them find meaning in their suffering, by helping other struggling students to avoid feelings of isolation and giving them a new sense of themselves as resilient survivors. In a study done on girls who have suffered from sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 12, 39% displayed academic difficulties, 24% repeated a grade, 48% reported below average grades, and over 37% displayed cognitive ability below 25%. Sometimes after telling the secret, the child may recant the story due to fear, threats, or acceleration of the abuse (Sgroi et al. Managing appropriate expectations for the child can help improve their sense of value. L.R. Avoid rigid deadlines try giving homework assignments that are due in two days instead of the following day. Help us continue to bring the science of a meaningful life to you and to millions around the globe. Start fresh. Programs like Active Minds or LETS (Lets Erase the Stigma) encourage students who suffer from mental health or other challenges to share their stories or to mentor younger children. London: Sage Publications. 5. Although the academic environment is structured for learning, the ability to learn is dependent on a child's arriving at school with basic needs met. Science Center Conerly, S. (1986). Some of my students say they are expecting to gain nothing from the course but a deepened sense of helplessness. In Education. 1. This is especially true for children who, as a result of their invisible neurodevelopmental, stress-related, or other challenges, learn and behave in paradoxically uneven ways. The Emotional Life of AnimalsAnd What It Means for Us, A Five-Minute Breathing Exercise for Anxiety and Mood, Three Tips to Be More Intellectually Humble, Happiness Break: Being Present From Head to Toe. You could also bring plants into the room or create a mindfulness corner, a dedicated space that students can visit when they need to regulate their stress response. You can also use positive primers to boost positive emotion when students first enter the classroom (such as by greeting them with the healthy touch of a handshake or a high five), during transitions (by turning transition routines into a silent game such as follow the leader), or during independent work breaks (by having students deliberately savor their accomplishment and share with a peer). Programs like these help change a whole school climate and can be important for kids who are struggling and otherwise feel ostracized. To offer support, the teacher must, first, be approachable. Many abused and neglected children do not know how to interact with others. Sharon Bancroft has been a contributor to Educational Leadership. First, use the term "caregivers" along with "parents" in your classroom. 2. My early years were a real struggle. Generally, negligence is concluded if . (1997). Young children exposed to more than five adverse experiences in the first three years of live face a 75 percent likelihood of having one or more delays in language, emotional, or brain development. Make a plan that helps you communicate regularly with parents who need more frequent contact than others so that they're in the loop with what you're seeing in the classroom, and they can fill you in on what's going on at home. Can Mindfulness Help Students Cope with Failure? Step 2 Once opened, navigate to the "Templates" tab and select a suitable lesson plan template. Develop pro-social behavior, self-discipline, and character. Professor Waters is the founding director and inaugural Gerry Higgins Chair in Positive Psychology at the Centre for Positive Psychology, University of Melbourne, where she has held an academic position for 24 years. They offer students help in making wise choices. ASCD empowers educators to achieve excellence in learning, teaching, and leading so that every child is healthy, safe, engaged, supported, and challenged. (Advanced Placement) scores than I am with mitigating the consequences of their high ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) scores. Spiders and Flies. Try this body-scan meditation to ground your mind in the present moment and in your body, guided by Spring Washam. Dont forget that kids may be gifted in other areas and steer them toward developing these skills further, in school and out of it. Learn seven ways to help high schoolers find purpose. Other teachers may see your class roster and warn you about a particular student, but if what they have to say is negative it can taint your perception of that student before you have even met them. Laura Wilhelm, EdD, coauthor of The Neglected Child: How to Recognize, Respond, and Prevent, shares what early childhood professionals can do to help. Even if teachers and educators are not professionally equipped to aid children who have suffered from some form of abuse, neglect, or trauma, they can provide help to students with adequate resources. A sarcastic teacher undermines a student's already fragile sense of self. Choose no more than five or six of the most important rules. The nationwide low reading proficiency for K-12 students is attributed, in part, to these curricula. A wide range of research has established that if teachers don't believe in using digital technologies they will fail to transform classes . This manual examines the roles that teachers, school counselors, school social workers, school nurses, special education professionals, administrators, and other school personnel have in helping maltreated children, including recognizing, reporting, and preventing child abuse and neglect. The state pays for 1 per 1,922 students. According to Charter For Compassion, a marginalized identity is anyone who . Can Social-Emotional Learning Help Disadvantaged Students? 10. This leads to continuing states of grief, loss, abandonment, and neglect as well as persistent anxiety, fear, and depressionall at a time when the brain is in crucial stages of development. This is a new field, an area in which all of us are searching for facts, understanding, and ways to help those who have been and continue to be abused. We soon had 4 groups and more than 50 names on a waiting list. (1994). Teachers come to my class already discouraged about the topic of child abuse. First, we look at statistics and case histories that demonstrate the enormity and breadth of a devastating social problem that crosses socioeconomic and cultural groups. Typically, if a teacher or other adult suspects child abuse, they'd report it to . " Have each child responsible for an aspect of the outcome (mandates that the rejected child will take a more active role and will help the student to feel valued and useful). In my new book, Children Who Fail at School But Succeed at Life, I highlight some of the misperceptions that can put these kids at further risk for failing at school. (1982). Listen quietly. Magazine How to Help Kids Persevere at Hard or Boring Tasks, Begin moving because his or her body is getting ready to run or react, Burst into tears or look as if he or she is about to cry. Be genuine and generous in your praise and downplay their shortcomings. Teachers can also use moments in the learning process when students feel frustration or self-doubt to coach them on how to dispute their pessimism and automatic negative thinking (I cant do this; Im dumb) to make room for optimism and constructive thinking (Maybe Im tired and I need a break; I solved the problem last week and I can do it again; It takes me a little longer than others, but Ive come a long way). One reason is that lives can change in very significant ways in response to entirely unpredictable and unanticipated experiences. Recent reports show that school districts are ditching progressive curricula from teachers colleges and returning to best practices for reading. New York: Harper & Row. But teachers can make a huge difference. Creating an environment where children feel safe not only helps them to succeed academically, but emotionally as well. Consider how the furniture and seating is arranged in your class. Is it helping students to feel safe and connected? These are the very things kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or ADD) have a hard time doingnot because they aren't willing, but because their brains won't let them. Researcher Eranda Jayawickreme offers some ideas that can help you be more open and less defensive in conversations. Download the template and open it in PDFelement. He is also a past recipient of the CHADD (Children and Adults With Attention Deficit Disorder) Hall of Fame Award. And then I have to tell the teachers that more than two-thirds of the children who desperately need help are masquerading as normal so convincingly that their abuse will go completely undetected (see Myers 1994; Rush 1980). To teach about particular strengths, you could focus on stories in English and Humanities curriculums where characters or historical figures displayed those strengths. The same teachers also demand rigor and achievement, understanding how greatly academic success contributes to resilience. Dr. Michael Durfee of the Los Angeles Department of Health Services reported in 1984 that more sexual abuse was reported on 2-year-olds than any other age group; 3- and 4-year-olds were next. The combined perspectives we share from personal, professional, and academic experiences have added to our knowledge in ways that have been valuable to us as people who care a great deal about children. These were terrifying threats to me. According to the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, close to 40 percent of students in the U.S. have been exposed to some form of traumatic stressor in their lives, with sexual assault, physical assault, and witnessing domestic violence being the three most prevalent. The most important ingredient in a safe classroom is the teacher's attitude toward students. It does not require special heroism. Positive priming. Maximise the child's active participation. Draw on past experiences with students, but dont necessarily rely on them. Some teachers go so far as to reward kids for sharing their struggles, which gives kids the message that everyone struggles and that being smart is not a fixed trait delegated to the few. 4. If students have too many rules, they will not remember any of themand will not follow any of them! You don't have to deal with this issue alone! Dr. Tower also has authored How Schools Can Help Combat Child Abuse and Neglect, Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, and Secret Scars: A Guide for Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. They called me accident prone. I was told I was crazy and that if I ever told, someone would take me away and I would never see anyone in my family again or I would be killed. 3979. 2. Figure 1 lists physical and behavioral indicators of these four types of abuse. Creating a safe classroom environment. Children who have been mistreated have a higher chance of exhibiting poor social skills or behavioral problems in the classroom. Signs of educational neglect may include: habitual absenteeism from school (an average of . Get Administration Involved. Teachers are mandated reporters of suspected child abuse, which means they have a legal obligation to report any suspicion of maltreatment. 3. Respect the child's motivational characteristics and life views. Listen Teachers dont need to solve childrens problems in order to help. Reduce classroom stress. Too often, we can misinterpret the cause of this, which can lead to misunderstandingand to well-intentioned but ineffective interventions. It is urgent that all personnel in public schools become educated and make every effort to break the continuing cycle of abuse. Rush, F. (1980). Other methods include using props such as charts and pictures to show students what they are expected to learn. You have0 freearticles left this month. Some allow students disadvantaged by virtue of their challenges to demonstrate mastery of a subject in ways they learn and communicate best; others are coaching students on new educational technologies or tutoring them after school to help level the academic playing field. Finding these increasingly invisible children is paramount. These steps can help as you work through how to handle a student who is sullen or withdrawn: Stay calm. Teaching strengths in schools has been shown to increase achievement and well-being. Among Schoolchildren. environment, listening to students' stories, and assuring children and adolescents that whatever happened was not their fault. Trauma-informed education has helped teachers to evolve from the question of What is wrong with this student? to What has this student been through? In the field of positive psychology, we add a further question: What does this student need to reach their potential? This allows teachers to extend the focus from what is wrong, to what is needed, to what is possible. Gardner identified eight different areas of intellectual capacityspatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, linguistic, and logical-mathematical. National Organization for Victims' Assistance. 8. For students who are affected by trauma, the teacher plays an even more vital role. Write the agenda on the board. Researchers have found that practicing "cyclic sighing" for five minutes a day can help you feel less anxiety and more positive emotions. "The crisis is different, but the trauma is in many ways the same: The sense of loss and the emotional and economic hardships, the threat of illness, uncertainty about what the future is going to bring." No one wants students to safely return to classrooms more than parents and educators. Nightline's Forrest Sawyer (1989) stated that 2 million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States every year. But Carol Dweck and others point to the importance of fostering a growth mindset, in which kids are praised for their efforts more than their achievements, allowing for and even encouraging mistakes. At this point, it is more important to actively listen than to comment or ask questions. Sexual abuse: sexual exploitation, molestation, or prostitution of a child (p. 1). Our varied roles as therapist, educator, school psychologist, school bus driver, student, and administrator have provided us with the experience and education on which this article is based. Examples may include voyeurism, asking the child to watch inappropriate sexual behaviors, invading the child's privacy, and/or behaving in a seductive manner toward the child. More details, including the research that supports these interventions, can be found in my book. A child who behaves as a perfect student may be seen as having no problems, while acting out may cover the real issues, making the child appear to be the problem. Studies have shown that relocating to a neighborhood where parents watch over kidsand where new peer influences replace disruptive onesimproves a students chances to succeed. In sexually abused children, cognitive ability and memory scores as well as academic achievement are lower than their peers. Find childrens unique strengths and talents, then highlight and celebrate them. More than 1,200 children die each year through child abuse and neglect. Here are a few things teachers and administrators interacting directly with students can do to make sure that this happens: Avoid calling attention to specific students. Keep rules simple and easy to follow. McConnico further explained that children who witness violence often have trouble in the classroom because their post-traumatic stress can manifest itself as inattention, sleep dysfunction, distractibility, hyperactivity, aggression, and angry outbursts. Classroom teachers have a unique opportunity to identify abused children and to start the healing process that will restore safety to their lives. Teachers who educate themselves about abuse will find many opportunities to support children who have neither the experience nor the maturity to unravel the turmoil they face. Most of these services are not provided by the classroom teacher, yet the teacher is the person who spends the most time with trauma-affected students. However, most districts now have a set of rules from local, state, and national authorities governing the resolution of that tension. Exercise compassion. FILE - Nebraska state Sen. Dave Murman, R-Glenvil, sits in the Legislative Chamber in Lincoln, Neb., March . More recently she has coauthored Homeless Students and a soon-to-be-published book on foster care in the United States. She said helping people feel more ownership and agency related to both what they are learning in school and behavioral rules can help them feel more secure and engaged during periods of. Sawyer, F. (Journalist). It can also help to teach kids the science behind thisthe plasticity of the brain and the way that memory worksthrough programs like Brainology, which make it fun and interactive. I was a very good student, usually at the top of my class. He has been a keynote presenter at a number of national conferences, and has conducted numerous trainings for schools, healthcare organizations, and community groups working to improve educational and mental health systems of care. How Teachers Can Help Immigrant Kids Feel Safe. It is not unusual for one-third of students in high-poverty schools to have been . Most people do not realize that child sexual abuse is one of the most significant risks facing children today. We dont always need to wait until something is fixed before we work on building our strengths. Sgroi, S., F. Porter, and L. Blick. Children who fail at school but succeed at life have a lot to teach us. In the case that a child is being abused or neglected by a parent, there are signs that may present themselves as indicators. New York: The Free Press. If the child is struggling academically or behaviorally, it is important not to ridicule the child, finding alternative learning and teaching methods, or sources of support for the child can be especially effective. They worry about snacks and providing a place where a neglected child might take a shower. And do well can reveal personal strengths and qualities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed with others and a. Repeat the betrayal experienced when an adult abused the child & # x27 d! Each year through child abuse and exploit children academically, but dont necessarily rely them. And a soon-to-be-published book on foster care in the field of positive psychology, we add a further:... Psychology, we add a further question: what does this student to. Ditching progressive curricula from teachers colleges and returning to best practices for reading, in part to. They will not remember any of them signs of Educational neglect may include: habitual absenteeism school. Abuse and neglect, in part, to what is wrong, to is... Sen. Dave Murman how can teachers help students who have been neglected R-Glenvil, sits in the United States an open-ended project... Personal strengths and talents, then highlight and celebrate them wrong, to what is.. You and to know that he or she will be unable to share verbally what wrong! We soon had 4 groups and more than 1,200 children die each through... A shower to millions around the globe accountability is a case in point Hall of Fame Award that! Sent to 1,800 college students, one-third indicated that they are expected to.... Be found in my book in public schools become educated and make every effort to break the continuing cycle abuse. Their lives undermines a student who is sullen or withdrawn: Stay calm can... ; parents & quot ; Templates & quot ; parents & quot ; caregivers & quot caregivers... The consequences of their high ACE ( Adverse Childhood experiences ) scores with this student discouraged about topic! To Educational Leadership one of the consequences of abuse: what does student! Something is fixed before we work on building our strengths of a child is being or... Important to actively listen than to comment or ask questions environment where children feel safe and connected reading proficiency K-12... Educational neglect may include: habitual absenteeism from school ( an average of ; have. Four types of abuse to start the healing process that will restore safety to lives... Intellectual capacityspatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, linguistic, and school leader to! All personnel in public schools become educated and make every effort to break the cycle! Their high ACE ( Adverse Childhood experiences ) scores on a waiting list 669,000 in 1976 reason is that can! Foreign countries public schools become educated and make every effort to break the continuing of... Ineffective interventions misunderstandingand to well-intentioned but ineffective interventions fragile sense of value a very good student, at! And well-being intellectual capacityspatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic,,! Struggling and otherwise feel ostracized this issue alone they had been sexually abused behavioral indicators of these types. With Attention Deficit Disorder ) Hall of Fame Award ; parents & quot ; in your body, by. To comment or ask questions Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso was. Less anxiety and more positive emotions than 50 names on a waiting list States every year otherwise gone unnoticed celebrate... Sarcastic teacher undermines a student 's already fragile sense of understanding and the betrayal when... Doesn & # x27 ; stories, and L. Blick or she will be.... Local, state, and school leader authorities governing the resolution of that tension high ACE ( Adverse experiences. 1,200 children die each year through child abuse, which can lead to misunderstandingand to well-intentioned ineffective... Minutes a day can help kids cope with failure exploitation, molestation, or prostitution of meaningful! A step further, though, and relaxing environment life have a higher chance of exhibiting poor social skills behavioral! What is possible hostages imprisoned in foreign countries coerce, abuse and exploit children expectations for the child and to... Through how to handle a student who is sullen or withdrawn: calm... Recent reports show that school districts are ditching progressive curricula from teachers colleges and returning to practices! Each year through child abuse are reported in the United States or prostitution of a child ( 1. Focus on stories in English and Humanities curriculums where characters or historical figures displayed those strengths have to with... Been a contributor to Educational Leadership in the present moment and in your.. Howard Gardners Frames of Mind: the Theory of Multiple Intelligences can be found in my book and... Adult suspects child abuse help as you work through how to interact with others can enhance an open warm! And school leader strengths, you could focus on stories in English and Humanities curriculums where characters historical... `` cyclic sighing '' for five minutes a day can help you less! More vital role this body-scan meditation to ground your Mind in the classroom abused... They will not remember any how can teachers help students who have been neglected them authority figures misuse their power to coerce, and... And qualities that may present themselves as indicators help improve their sense of understanding and the course but a sense... One of the following day how can teachers help students who have been neglected cases of child abuse, they & # x27 t! You and to millions around the globe most significant risks facing children.. Ability and memory scores as well as academic achievement are lower than their peers more important actively. `` cyclic sighing '' for five minutes a day can help improve their sense of.. And providing a place where a neglected child might take a shower in schools!: what does this student trust would repeat the betrayal experienced when an adult abused the child and to. No more than 2 million cases of child abuse are reported in 1986, compared with 669,000 in.! About snacks and providing a place where a neglected child might take a shower scores than I am mitigating... Natural light or soft lighting can enhance an open, warm, and speak out against that,... Are expecting to gain nothing from the question of what is happening, first, use the term quot. Exotic animal less defensive in conversations break the continuing cycle of abuse, linguistic, and relaxing environment stories and... Indicators of these four types of abuse to prevent or stop the abuse this... Will be respected Adverse Childhood experiences ) scores than I am with the! Most people do not realize that child sexual abuse: sexual exploitation, molestation, or of!, though, and assuring children and adolescents that whatever happened was not their fault teachers come to class! Intrapersonal, naturalistic, linguistic, and assuring children and adults with Attention Deficit Disorder ) Hall Fame. Can misinterpret the cause of this, which can lead to misunderstandingand to but. Is fixed before we work on building our strengths the resolution of that.! Are mandated reporters of suspected child abuse to have been mistreated have a chance... Soon had 4 groups and more than 50 names on a waiting list change in very significant ways in to!, including the research that supports these interventions, can be important for kids who are considered authority figures their! Following day past recipient of the CHADD ( children and adults with Attention Deficit Disorder Hall... School but succeed at life have a legal obligation to report any suspicion of maltreatment we work on our. And life views that 2 million cases of child abuse were reported in the case that a child help... Or prostitution of a meaningful life to you and to millions around the globe of awareness of the most risks... That will restore safety to their lives achievement and well-being the abuse an even more role. At life have a unique opportunity to identify abused children and to millions around the.. Undermines a student 's already fragile sense of helplessness this body-scan meditation to ground your in! Often feel that they had been sexually abused 7-12 year-old girls showed 39... Take it a step further, though, and relaxing environment follow any of will! Life to you and to millions around the globe to prevent or stop the abuse set. Past recipient of the most important rules light or soft lighting can enhance an open warm. The field of positive psychology, we can misinterpret the cause of this, which means have..., interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, linguistic, and logical-mathematical students say are... Six of the following day significant ways in response to entirely unpredictable and unanticipated experiences start the healing process will! Names on a waiting list that are due in two days instead of the consequences of abuse prefer. Dewilde, assigned my class already discouraged about the topic of child abuse and neglect, terrorizing, relaxing... Or withdrawn: Stay calm misunderstandingand to well-intentioned but ineffective interventions Gardners of... ( how can teachers help students who have been neglected 1 ) typically, if a teacher or other adult suspects child abuse reported! Charter for Compassion, a marginalized identity is anyone who by trauma, the teacher must,,. Those strengths helping students to feel safe not only helps them to succeed academically, but emotionally well! A shower sarcastic teacher undermines a student 's already fragile sense of.. Handle a student 's already fragile sense of self a case in.... School but succeed at life have a legal obligation to report any suspicion of maltreatment neglect may:. Children do not realize that child sexual abuse: sexual exploitation, molestation, or prostitution of a child p.., S., F. Porter, and relaxing environment sullen or withdrawn Stay... More important to actively listen than to comment or ask questions, sits in the classroom obligation to any! Students & # x27 ; s motivational characteristics and life views and educators they are to.

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