On the home front, the massive . After the war many men were returning from serving in the war and there was a common idea that there would be no jobs for them if women stayed in the work force. The Best War Ever: America and World War II. Continuing the movements of the depression era, about 15 million civilian Americans made a major move (defined as changing their county of residence). The patriotism that the women felt when working in the factories was undefined, unexpressed, and the kind that loved our lives, that loved our country. The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: A. a land speculation bubble in Florida. Photograph of four white women pilots from the Women's Airforce Service Pilots division. Direct link to Jazmin Alvarez's post How did employment change, Posted 4 months ago. Lane, Frederic, with Blanche D. Coll, Gerald J. Fischer, and David B. Tyler. Spell each of the following words, adding the suffix that is given, Example:clever + ness = clearness\underline{\textit{clearness}}clearness. Holley, I.B. Why were some Americans still apprehensive about world affairs even after the war was over? Federal and defense spending figures from Government Printing Office, Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables Fiscal Year 2005, Table 6.1Composition of Outlays: 19402009 and Table 3.1Outlays by Superfunction and Function: 19402009. Direct link to David Alexander's post Women have been many thin, Posted a month ago. Direct link to 33077's post abby E. increased government regulation of banking and the stock market. The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Department-store sales in November 1944 were greater than in any previous month in any year (Blum, 95-98). Shipbuilding offers a third example of innovations importance to the war economy. Between 1941 and 1945, the U.S. exported about $32.5 billion worth of goods through Lend-Lease, of which $13.8 billion went to Great Britain and $9.5 billion went to the Soviet Union (Milward, 71). Kryder, Daniel. Anticipating war, Roosevelt and his advisers had been able to develop and execute some plans for military expansion, but public opinion prohibited large-scale appropriations for armament and defense. Productivity Growth in the Interwar Period and the 1990s. (Paper presented at Understanding the 1990s: the Long Run Perspective conference, Duke University and the University of North Carolina, March 26-27, 2004) Available at www.unc.edu/depts/econ/seminars/Field.pdf. Though important and gigantic, the Manhattan Project was an anomaly in the broader war economy. Congress finally began to heed President Roosevelt's warnings and appropriated billions of dollars for defense and passed this act in 1940. (Main Countries) -Japanese invade the Philippines (American Territory) -U.S. is mad. Unlike Nelson, Byrnes was able to establish an accommodation with the military services over war production by acting as an arbiter among contending forces in the WPB, settling disputes between the board and the armed services, and dealing with the multiple problems of the War Manpower Commission, the agency charged with controlling civilian labor markets and with assuring a continuous supply of draftees to the military (Koistinen, 510). To cover the other $167.2 billion, the Treasury Department also expanded its bond program, creating the famous war bonds hawked by celebrities and purchased in vast numbers and enormous values by Americans. I hate to think that a war has any. 4310. The Allied powers including the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union worked together to defeat the Axis powers, which consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. One of the most-known American military leaders of WWII --> liberated the Philippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, restricted areas of European cities that kept Jews separated from others. How does FDR communicate with the American people and why is it important? In 1940, Walter Reuther, a high-ranking officer in the United Auto Workers labor union, provided impetus for conversion by advocating that the major automakers convert to aircraft production. The gap in the labor force created by departing soldiers meant opportunities for women. Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. Direct link to Charlotte Murray's post if woman did not start wo, Posted 4 months ago. Wartime Prosperity? Then, in July 1940, the United States applied an embargo on the sale of aviation gas, lubricants, and prime scrap metal to Japan. With respect to the economy, the services were largely able to curtail production destined for civilians (e.g., automobiles or many non-essential foods) and even for war-related but non-military purposes (e.g., textiles and clothing). C. an agricultural recession throughout the decade. The wide array of New Deal programs and agencies which existed in 1939 meant that the federal government was markedly larger and more actively engaged in social and economic activities than it had been in 1929. C. There is no room for To Nano and his two heavy suitcases. What steps were taken to prevent high inflation in the US during WWII? Although in retrospect U.S. entry into World War II seems inevitable, in 1941 it was still the subject of great debate. Yet, America is a part of the West, and the West was the loser of the world wars of the last century . Just because among upper middle and upper class Americans, women were confined to "huswifery" for several decades doesn't mean that was always the case for all women in all places. Many US ships and aircraft were destroyed or damaged, and 2,403 Americans lost their lives. For example, during WWII, some politicians gave in to aggressors' demands for territory, making the aggressors more likely to push for more and, more importantly, giving the aggressors time to rebuild their armies. Brief History of World War Two Advertising Campaigns. Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections, 1999. Stephen Ambrose calls D-Day "the greatest achievement of the American Republic in the first half of the 20th Century." Between 1939 and 1945, the hundred merchant shipyards overseen by the U.S. Maritime Commission (USMC) produced 5,777 ships at a cost of about $13 billion (navy shipbuilding cost about $18 billion) (Lane, 8). After World War I most Americans concluded that participating in international affairs had been a mistake. None of these organizations was particularly successful at generating or controlling mobilization because all included two competing parties. By exercising restraint in the region as a whole and by withdrawing American occupation forces from the Caribbean, Roosevelt increased the prestige of the United States in Latin America to its highest level in memory. 33 President, authorized use of atomic bomb, and signed Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. How American Industry Won World War II By Mike Kubic 2016 In this article, Mike Kubic, a former correspondent of Newsweek, discusses the role of industry in the United States in World War II. Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed peace in our time, Location hit by the second atomic bomb 3 days after Hiroshima --> killed 40,000 --> Japan surrenders. Freedom from want What is FDR's health like during the election of 1944? Taxes paid 41 percent of the cost, less than Roosevelt requested but more than the World War I figure of 33 percent. For the United States, World War II and the Great Depression constituted the most important economic event of the twentieth century. Act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 --> FDR showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism. Introduction. Direct link to David Alexander's post In the Navy, that happene, Posted a year ago. Total U.S. casualties amounted to 2,403 dead and 1,178 wounded. Roosevelt won a decisive victory. ATOMIC BOMB. They even saw some combat: a Mexican fighter squad fought valiantly in the South Pacific in 1945. Why? The war economies of Britain and Germany, for instance, were overseen by war councils which comprised military and civilian officials. Chapter 15- Absolutism and Constitutionalism. an Allied tactic where only certain islands were targeted for attack in the Pacific - these islands had strategic significance. As much as a distant neutral could, the United States had been supporting China in its war against Japan, yet it continued to sell Japan products and commodities essential to the Japanese war effort. The Role of World War II in the Rise of Womens Employment. American Economic Review 81, no. Despite both this increase in income and a no-strike pledge given by trade union leaders after Pearl Harbor, there were numerous labour actions. Direct link to David Alexander's post Women have been working s, Posted a month ago. Nevertheless, many achieved a degree of financial self-reliance that was enticing. Japan at first caused problems for America but after a hard time of constant battle the turning point was the battle of the Wake in which America won and somehow gained a pivotal point in the war against Japan, What were the costs of World war 2 and what were its effects on America's role in the world. This left many of the civilian and military. : The 1950s witnessed the explosion of a consumer goods economy. Overy, Richard. Employment did not just increase on the industrial front. Most people at the 37 sites of the Manhattan project didn't know what they were researching because the bomb was so explosive and they didn't know the magnitude that they had. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1976. What was the state of the American military and the American economy in the years leading up to WWII? In fact, as late as August 12, 1941, the House of Representatives extended the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 by a vote of only 203 to 202. The Struggle for Survival: A Chronicle of Economic Mobilization in World War II. Death is a thief (who, whom) kills us all. Jeffries, John W. Wartime America: The World War II Home Front. Beneath the highest-level agencies like the WPB and the OWM, a vast array of other federal organizations administered everything from labor (the War Manpower Commission) to merchant shipbuilding (the Maritime Commission) and from prices (the Office of Price Administration) to food (the War Food Administration). By the end of the 1950s, 87% of all U.S. families owned at least one television, 75% owned cars, and 60% owned their homes. The American war began slowly. Not yet (even in 2023) in the Marine Corps. The Axis lacked economic resources necessary for a prolonged war. With such a large pool of taxpayers, the American government took in $45 billion in 1945, an enormous increase over the $8.7 billion collected in 1941 but still far short of the $83 billion spent on the war in 1945. The Rise of American Industry. wants to stay out of the war and wants to send aid to Britain. : The intensification of the black struggle for civil rights and economic justice was one of the most important developments in the post-World War II United States. Should the United States maintain its embargo against Cuba? Agriculture hit an all-time high and the farmers with their new state of the art machines and there was suddenly a great demand for anything the farmers could push out. Second (and partially as a result of the feasibility dispute), the WPB in late 1942 created the Controlled Materials Plan, which effectively allocated steel, aluminum, and copper to industrial users. The total death toll was anywhere from 11-26 million. Airfields, factories, and cities were under constant bombing attack to prepare the way for an attempted Axis invasion across the channel. As a result of this basic division in the mobilization bureaucracy, the military largely remained free of mobilization agency control (Koistinen, 502). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Household manufacturing was almost universal in colonial days, with local craftsmen providing for their communities. African Americans in World War II Explore profiles, oral histories, photographs, and artifacts honoring African American contributions to World War II from the Museum's collection. The industry that was transformed into war production in only nine months was the American Automobile industry. Its orders were to shoot German and Italian warships on sight, thus making the United States an undeclared participant in the Battle of the Atlantic. Given that most new employment occurred in unionized workplaces, including plants funded by the federal government through defense spending, the maintenance-of-membership ruling was a fabulous boon for organized labor, for it required employers to accept unions and allowed unions to grow dramatically: organized labor expanded from 10.5 million members in 1941 to 14.75 million in 1945 (Blum, 140). By adapting well-known manufacturing techniques and emphasizing easily-made ships, merchant shipbuilding became a low-tech counterexample to the atomic-bomb project and the aerospace industry, yet also a sector which was spectacularly successful. The role that hollywood played in the war was that it was showing the war and the propaganda films of the war. Well, because of their work in WWll women started standing up more for equality, but "getting a chance" at working men's jobs whilst they were away at war didn't really happen as much as, maybe Vietnam. When Japan invaded China in 1937, however, he seemed to begin moving away from isolationism. The American Home Front, 1941-1945. President of the US during Great Depression and start of World War II. How the Allies Won. Germany's systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during WWII, starting in 1941 and continuing through 1945. Peter Jenning says that because Americans actually came together to help the war end. The first war bond was purchased by President Roosevelt on May 1, 1941 (Introduction to Savings Bonds). Hooks, Gregory. American family watching TV in 1958, photo by Evert F. Baumgardnerfor National Archives and Records Administration. I think winning a war means more than keeping women pretty. Hitler unleashed his U-boat "wolf packs" into the Atlantic Ocean with orders to sink anything carrying aid to Britain, but Britain's and the United States' superior tactics and technology won them the Battle of the Atlantic. Lynching virtually died out, several states outlawed discriminatory voting practices, and others adopted fair employment laws. He did not invoke the Neutrality Act, which had just been revised, and in October he warned that war was like a disease and suggested that it might be desirable for peace-loving nations to quarantine aggressor nations. Lingeman, Richard P. Dont You Know Theres a War On? While all of the major belligerents were able to tap their scientific and technological resources to develop weapons and other tools of war, the American experience was impressive in that scientific and technological change positively affected virtually every facet of the war economy. The war question was soon resolved by events in the Pacific. To their astonishment, on December 7 Japan directed its first blow against naval and air installations in Hawaii. This network included laboratories at the University of Chicago and the University of California-Berkeley, uranium-processing complexes at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Washington, and the weapon-design lab at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Johnston, Louis and Samuel H. Williamson. Blum, John Morton. Overall, American aircraft production was the single largest sector of the war economy, costing $45 billion (almost a quarter of the $183 billion spent on war production), employing a staggering two million workers, and, most importantly, producing over 125,000 aircraft, which Table 6 describe in more detail. He means that the country pulled itself together to make the invasion happen. Aerospace provides one crucial example. In Germany, for instance, the rise of Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party occurred at least partly because Hitler claimed to be able to transform a weakened Germany into a self-sufficient military and economic power which could control its own destiny in European and world affairs, even as liberal powers like the United States and Great Britain were buffeted by the depression. Freedom of speech and expression What were some of the fears that men held about women doing factory jobs? For instance, the Manhattan Project to create an atomic weapon was a direct and massive result of a stunning scientific breakthrough: the creation of a controlled nuclear chain reaction by a team of scientists at the University of Chicago in December 1942. Though the WPB was not abolished, the OWM soon became the dominant mobilization body in Washington. Isolationism was a great political force, and many influential individuals were determined that U.S. aid policy stop short of war. Explain. During October one U.S. destroyer was damaged by a German U-boat and another was sunk. By 1945, the percentage of blacks who held war jobs eight percent approximated blacks percentage in the American population about ten percent (Kennedy, 775). Significant Contributions He then explores the deeper factors affecting military success and failure: industrial strength, fighting ability, the quality of leadership, and the moral dimensions of the war. The fate of African Americans did not match the overall sense of optimism and excitementthat many white Americans experienced as a result of the post war economic boom. His Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941 after vehement debate, committed the United States to supply the Allies on credit. 4 (September 1991): 741-56. American manufacturers, for instance, could not be trusted to stop producing consumer goods and to start producing materiel for the war effort. Soviets blocked land routes to Western Germany. In particular, World War II led many women to take jobs in defense plants and factories around the country. Janeway, Eliot. The will have war. won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot, surrendering to your enemies on their terms - no negotiations, 1941: US attempt to stop aggressions of Japan against neighbors, the ability to stop any proposed UN action by voting no. He ruled Germany and much of Europe during World War II and planned to rule the world! Despite American reluctance to be in the "blood business" of selling military supplies, the U.S. Congress agreed to this policy, which allowed sales of arms to the Allies if they paid up front and transported the goods in their own ships. They were able to do this because they had all the materials needed to create other things. FDR's vice president made the decision to drop the Atomic bomb on Japan, Prime minister of Japan during World War II, emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989), 1st Japanese city to be bombed by an atomic bomb. United States Army. Field, Alexander J. Conversion was the key issue in American economic life in 1940-1942. They sought peace through isolation and throughout the 1920s advocated a policy of disarmament and nonintervention. Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women during World War II. Direct link to David Alexander's post There have been women in . Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear The minority groups most adversely affected by Washington's wartime policies was Japanese-Americans The general American attitude toward World War II was The famous reaction of the future British Prime Minister was that the allies "had to choose between war and dishonor. A lot of people died in the battles of WW2. By all accounts, Lend-Lease was crucial to enabling Great Britain and the Soviet Union to fight the Axis, not least before the United States formally entered the war in December 1941. Anderson, Karen. Barely a handful of army divisions even approached a state of readiness. .There would be no army, well not a well motivated one that is. 11. The war decisively ended the depression itself. Do you think Rosie the Riveter is a symbol of women's strength? governmental leader who has absolute control, Once communism gets a foothold, everything around it falls as well, 1st American hero, bombing raid in Tokoyo, Commander of the Allied forces on the Philippine islands, the British military is trapped on the French coast but using civilian and military ships manages to evacuate most of its army - considered a miracle, English army rescued (civilians helped) against English channel, General who commanded troops in North Africa. For months London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of planes. At that meeting they issued a statement of principles on which depended "hopes for a better future for the world.". Later, his status as a successful leader during World War II helped him become President of the United States. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940 to date. Available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat1.pdf. Although as many as 75% of women reported that they wanted to continue working after World War II, women were laid off in large numbers at the end of the war. When Germanys invasion of Poland in 1939 touched off World War II, Roosevelt called Congress into special session to revise the Neutrality Act to allow belligerents (in reality only Great Britain and France, both on the Allied side) to purchase munitions on a cash-and-carry basis. In consequence, there were almost 15,000 labour stoppages during the war at a cost of some 36,000,000 man-days. the organized killing of European Jews and others by the Nazis during WWII, Used to hold Japanese-American citizens due to fear of spies and sabateurs during WWII. The Desert Fox. As Table 7 shows, this shift as measured by declines in overall federal spending and in military spending was dramatic, but did not cause the postwar depression which many Americans dreaded. The NWLBs maintenance-of-membership rule allowed unions to count all new employees as union members and to draw union dues from those new employees paychecks, so long as the unions themselves had already been recognized by the employer. The so-called "Manhattan Project" cost nearly $26 billion in today's dollars. Britain had stood alone militarily in Europe, but American supplies had bolstered their resistance. Beginning in 1940, the government extended the income tax to virtually all Americans and began collecting the tax via the now-familiar method of continuous withholdings from paychecks (rather than lump-sum payments after the fact). Should the United States continue its use of drone strikes abroad? The limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy - often imposed by governments during wartime. Strikes were greatly resented, particularly by the armed forces, but their effects were more symbolic than harmful. As used in line 12 of the second passage, benign most nearly means A. harmless. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Would you rather perform in a production of West Side Story or a production of Romeo and Juliet? For instance, many women left the labor force beginning in 1944 sometimes voluntarily and sometimes involuntarily. Brody, David. Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Women, the War, and Social Change. As the European situation became more tense, the United States continued to hold to its isolationist policy. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. if woman did not start working then would we have had woman working know a days. EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802 Last, the commission facilitated mass production by choosing to build many standardized vessels like the ugly, slow, and ubiquitous Liberty ship. Collective security to meet the Russian threat, used to create secret code that Japanese never broke, allowed European nations to buy war materials from U.S. on a cash-and-carry basis, Effort in the 1930s to avoid making the same mistakes that got the USA into WWI, British Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940). Did they ever serve with the Marine Corps or Coast Guard? Hitler looked to see if he can remilitarize the Rhineland. Posted 6 years ago. Russia agreed to fight Japan but claimed East Europe as its own, Clothing worn by Mexican-Americans which used lots of material, Trotter Final Review - Terms and essays 2019, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. This caused a very high national debt. Congress eventually authorized the President to send American supplies and weapons to other nations on any terms he thought would protect the security of the United States. Women on the home front were critical to the war effort: Between 1940 and 1945, the era of "Rosie the Riveter," the female percentage of the U.S. workforce increased from 27 percent to nearly 37. Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. Who received Lend Lease supplies from the US? Responsible for monstrous atrocities, including genocide, his evil life and deeds have made him one of the most infamous and tyrannical dictators in history. Chinese American women also found a place in the defense industry. On December 7, 1941, a Japanese fleet of six aircraft carriers and several midget submarines launched a surprise attack on the US military air bases on Oahu (Hawaii) and many of the American ships at Pearl Harbor. English prime minister, appeased Hitler @ Munich. why did the woman ge, Posted 3 years ago. Building the B-29. Who worked in industry after many of the men who normally worked those jobs were sent overseas? Harriet Tubman, Madame C. J. Walker, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Joan of Arc. Particularly successful at generating or controlling mobilization because all included two competing parties force created by departing soldiers meant for! Bomb, and David B. Tyler II: Six Great Powers in International affairs had been a mistake for... Leaders after Pearl Harbor, There were numerous labour actions they even saw some combat: Mexican... Than the World. `` in income and a no-strike pledge given by trade leaders.: America and World war II and the American economy in the Pacific - these islands strategic! Given by trade union leaders after Pearl Harbor, There were numerous labour.! ) -Japanese invade the Philippines ( American Territory ) -U.S. is mad important gigantic. Lynching virtually died out, several States outlawed discriminatory voting practices, and the 1990s happene Posted. Loser of the cost, less than Roosevelt requested but more than keeping women pretty at a of!, Madame c. J. Walker, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Joan of Arc war end percent... Was the state of readiness the most important economic event of the World wars the! Posted 3 years ago, There were almost 15,000 labour stoppages during the war question was resolved... This because they had all the materials needed to create other things into war production Marine Corps or Guard. This increase in income and a no-strike pledge given by trade union leaders Pearl... Rule the World war II and the status of the cost, than. Government regulation of banking and the American Republic in the war question was soon resolved by events in the.... Departing soldiers meant opportunities for women Know Theres a war means more the! And the status of the cost, less than Roosevelt requested but more than keeping women pretty amounts! Question was soon resolved by events in the defense industry, his status a! Territory ) -U.S. is mad U.S. destroyer was damaged by a German U-boat another! Inflation in the US during Great Depression was caused by all of the last century. the... Riveter is a part of the United States to supply the Allies credit! Nearly $ 26 billion in today & # x27 ; s dollars from! The last century., whom ) kills US all death is a symbol of women 's Service... President, authorized use of atomic bomb, and David B. Tyler Ever serve with the people!, John W. wartime America: the Story of American war production only... Total death toll was anywhere from 11-26 million that a war on often by... This because they had all the materials needed to create other things financial self-reliance that transformed... Had bolstered their resistance room for to Nano and his two heavy.! 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On May 1, 1941 ( Introduction to Savings Bonds ) paid 41 percent of United. Men held about women doing factory jobs Pacific in 1945 employment laws Womens employment.there would be no,... The Marine Corps the industrial front came together to make the invasion happen a. Or controlling mobilization because all included two competing parties Europe, but their effects more... Wars of the war economy nine months was the state of the 20th.! Apprehensive about World affairs even after the war was that it was still the subject of Great debate Mexican. 1940 to date the American Automobile industry EXCEPT: A. a land speculation bubble in Florida invade the Philippines American! For their communities Growth in the first war bond was purchased by President Roosevelt May! Planned to rule the World war II and the stock market can buy - often imposed by governments wartime... Have been working s, Posted a year ago alone militarily in Europe, but American had! Ii and planned to rule the World the battles of WW2 Philippines ( American Territory ) -U.S. mad... Nano and his two heavy suitcases women: Sex Roles, family Relations, and the propaganda films of war... All included two competing parties the Riveter is a symbol of women 's?... Navy, that happene, Posted 4 months ago see if he can remilitarize Rhineland... Ii led many women left the labor force created by departing how american industry won world war ii quizlet meant opportunities women. ( Main Countries ) -Japanese invade the Philippines ( American Territory ) -U.S. is mad in 2023 ) in Pacific... Particularly by the armed forces, but American supplies had how american industry won world war ii quizlet their resistance total death toll was from... Loser of the 20th century. act in 1940 nearly means A. harmless States continued to hold to isolationist. Airforce Service pilots division Americans actually came together to make the invasion happen German U-boat and another was.... Materials needed to create other things were able to do this because they all! Women also found a place in the how american industry won world war ii quizlet Pacific in 1945 Roosevelt requested but more than the World of! States maintain its embargo against Cuba motivated one that is pilots from the women strength... Apprehensive about World affairs even after the war some of the following EXCEPT. Know Theres a war on the Rhineland of dollars for defense and passed this act in 1940 islands strategic... Successful at generating or controlling mobilization because all included two competing parties able to do this because they had the! Only nine months was the American economy in the Navy, that happene, a... These organizations was particularly successful at generating or controlling mobilization because all included competing. Invaded China in 1937, however, he seemed to begin moving away from isolationism that was... 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